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RUSVM Nutrition Summer 2017 > Nutrition and Nutrients > Flashcards

Nutrition and Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbohydrates composed of?

A

C, H, and O

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2
Q

a monosaccharide has how many sugar molecules?

A

1

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3
Q

Fructose, glucose, galactose, or mannose are (pentoses/hexose)

A

Hexose

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4
Q

Arabinose, ribose, and xylose are (hexose/pentoses)

A

pentoses

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5
Q

Disaccharides have how many sugar molecules?

A

2

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6
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides?

A

lactose, maltose, or sucrose.

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7
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

A

cellulose, glycogen, starch, gums, hemicellulose.

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8
Q

Protein is found in the highest concentration where?

A

in all living organisms (after water).

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9
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids.

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10
Q

What are some essential amino acids?

A

Taurine (in cats), tryptophan, valine, threonin, phenylalanine, lysine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, and arginine.

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11
Q

What are some non-essential AAs?

A

alanine, aspartic acid, citrulline, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, proline, serine, and tyrosine.

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12
Q

What amino acids are low in cereals?

A

lysine, methionine, and tryptophan.

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13
Q

Why are lipids important from a nutritional standpoint?

A

They (along with fats) are used to supply energy and as a source of essential fatty acids in the diet.

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14
Q

What makes a fatty acid saturated?

A

When all bonds in the C are taken by H.

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15
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

lipids an animal requires but is unable to synthesize themselves.

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16
Q

What are some common signs of deficiency in essential fatty acids?

A

scaly skin, necrosis of the tail, poor feathering. Not common in mammals, but common in poultry.

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17
Q

What are minerals?

A

inorganic components of the diet that cannot be decomposed or synthesized by chemical reactions.

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18
Q

What is the difference between macro-minerals and micro-minerals?

A

macrominerals are found in concentrations above 100ppm, while microminerals are found in concentrations less than 100ppm

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19
Q

What are some examples of macro-minerals?

A

calcium, phosphorous, chlorine, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and sulphur.

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20
Q

Most minerals found in the animal body are part of what?

A

the skeleton

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21
Q

What functions are minerals involved in?

A

enzyme activity, oxygen transport, component of vitamins, osmotic pressure, nervous system.

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22
Q

What are vitamins?

A

organic substances required by the organism in very small amounts.

23
Q

Which vitamin is not synthesized by humans, guinea-pigs, or monkeys?

A

Vitamin C

24
Q

Where are most vitamins stored?

A

in the liver. They are in the kidney and spleen in lesser amounts.

25
Q

Why are vitamins important in milk and colostrum?

A

Because they are the sole source of nutrition for young animals.

26
Q

What is more common, vitamin deficiencies or toxicity?

A

deficiencies.

27
Q

What does Vit. A deficiency lead to?

A

blindness

28
Q

What does Vit. D deficiency lead to?

A

rickets

29
Q

What does Vit K deficiency lead to?

A

tissue hemorrhage.

30
Q

What is required in the highest amount in animal diets?

A

dietary energy. Carbs being the most important source of energy.

31
Q

What is the equation for digestible energy?

A

DE = GE feed - GE Feces

32
Q

What is the equation for metabolisable energy?

A

ME = DE - GE (urine+gases)

33
Q

Is water considered a nutrient?

A

Yes!

34
Q

what are some ways in which animals can lose water?

A

urine, feces, lungs, skin surface, and milk.

35
Q

What causes water losses to increase?

A

high protein, high mineral salts, high fiber, and high intakes. Also lactation and heat.

36
Q

Good quality water has how much of dissolvent solids?

A

less than 0.25%

37
Q

What are the common minerals found in water?

A

chloride, sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulphates, and bicarbonates.

38
Q

What solids in water lead to toxicity before they affect the taste?

A

nitrates, fluorine, and heavy metals.

39
Q

What is the most common analysis for feed samples?

A

proximate analysis.

40
Q

How is dry matter determined?

A

by drying a sample in an oven until a constant weight.

41
Q

What is the dry matter equation?

A

DM = (dry weight/fresh weight)*100

42
Q

What is the average protein content in feedstuffs?

A

16%

43
Q

How do you get the crude fat from a diet?

A

you extract it by using ethyl ether. Quantitative info.

44
Q

How do you get crude fibre?

A

involves boiling a known amount of ground feed sample in a weak acid solution, filtration, boiling in a weak alkali solution, filtration, and drying until a constant weight.

45
Q

What compounds are included in crude fibre?

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, xylans, lignin, and other compounds associated with fibrous carbs.

46
Q

Can you determine the specific mineral content with ash?

A

No. you have to do other analysis to determine this.

47
Q

When you burn feed at 300-600 degrees C, what do you have left?

A

Just metallic oxides (this is ash).

48
Q

What is the nitrogen free extract?

A

estimation of the readily available carbohydrates.

49
Q

How is energy calculated?

A

Using an oxygen bomb calorimeter.

50
Q

What are the 2 methods that are replacing CF and that are more accurate in defining the carb content?

A

NDF and ADF

51
Q

What is natural detergent fiber (NDF) a predictor of? Are low or high values desired?

A

It is a predictor of voluntary intake b/c it provides bulk or fill. Low values are desired.

52
Q

What are acid detergent fibers?

A

the least digestible plant components, including cellulose and lignin. Inversely related to digestibility.

53
Q

Forages that have low ADF concentrations are usually more or less nutritious?

A

They are usually more nutritious.

RUSVM Nutrition Summer 2017 (15 decks)

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