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RUSVM Nutrition Summer 2017 > Feedstuffs: Classification > Flashcards

Feedstuffs: Classification Flashcards

1
Q

What is feedstuff?

A

component of a diet that provides a source of one or more nutrients - energy, protein, minerals, or vitamins - required by an animal.

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2
Q

What is the biggest problem in a dairy farm?

A

variability. Cows like consistency.

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3
Q

What is something to keep in mind regarding feedstuff?

A

even the same feedstuff may change considerably from batch to batch. This can lead to altered animal performance.

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4
Q

What is a forage?

A

the total plant material to be consumed by the animal

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5
Q

What is a roughage?

A

dietary components that are high in fibre.

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6
Q

What is herbage?

A

plant material not including seeds or roots. Used primarily for wildlife.

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7
Q

Who performs well on roughages, and why?

A

ruminants, horses, and rabbits b/c roughages require the action of microbial digestion in the GI tract.

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8
Q

What are the 4 categories of herbage?

A

grasses, legumes, forbs, and browse.

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9
Q

What grasses do you typically find in the cool season?

A

timothy and sweetclover

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10
Q

What grasses do you typically see in the warm season?

A

bermudagrass and switchgrass.

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11
Q

Members of the leguminosae family have the ability to do what?

A

convert atmosphere N into crude protein.

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12
Q

Which have a higher protein content, C3 or C4 grass?

A

C3 grasses.

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13
Q

Bermuda grass is found where?

A

in the southern US.

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14
Q

When is ryegrass at its best quality?

A

during the cool season.

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15
Q

ryegrass is a ____ grass.

A

Perennial grass.

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16
Q

Brom grass is common in what season?

A

cold seasons.

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17
Q

Fescue is tolerant to what?

A

drought, cold, and warm weathers.

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18
Q

What is a problem with fescue?

A

It can be contaminated with a fungus. Must make sure to use the endophyte free variety.

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19
Q

Summer syndrome in cattle is see with what clinical signs and is caused by what?

A

increased body temp, rapid breathing, decreased production. Caused by fescue contaminated with neotyphodium coenophialum.

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20
Q

Timothy is a favorite hay grass for what animal?

A

horses.

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21
Q

When are you likely to see orchard grass? what is special about it?

A

likely to see it in cool weather. It is a very productive grass hay.

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22
Q

What part of the legumes are able to transform atmospheric N into a form usable by the plant?

A

The rhizobia in the nodules of the legumes.

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23
Q

What is the CP content of legumes and what are some examples of legumes?

A

High CP. Examples: alfalfa, clovers, soybeans, green beans, peas, and lentils.

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24
Q

Is alfalfa drought tolerant?

A

yes. it is deep rooted, which helps make it so.

25
Q

What is alfalfa a good source of?

A

protein, calcium, carotene, tocopherol, and water soluble vitamins.

26
Q

What are some issues that you can see with alfalfa?

A

bloat in cattle if grazed on alfalfa, and blister beetle toxicity in horses.

27
Q

What will blister beetles cause in horses?

A

oral ulcers, colic. They are GI irritant, and only a few are needed to kill.

28
Q

What legume is commonly found in pastures?

A

sweet clover.

29
Q

What are some problems seen with sweet clover?

A

it is converted by molds to dicoumarol, which is an anti-vitamin K. Can cause bleeding problems, since vitamin K is involved in clotting. Cattle more commonly affected.

30
Q

What is another legume commonly found in pastures that is characteristically IDd by a red flower?

A

Red clover.

31
Q

What are some issues that can be seen with red clover?

A

can become infected with a fungus and lead to slaframine toxicosis. This presents as the salivary syndrome in horses, along with bloat, diarrhea, and frequent urination.

32
Q

What legume is a temperate climate legume and can cause photosensitization problems in horses?

A

alsike clover. Should not be fed to horses in greater than 5% of the feed.

33
Q

This legume is common in pastures and lawns and is also known as dutch clover. It has high CP levels.

A

White clover.

34
Q

What are forbs? Who uses forbs best?

A

any low growing broadleaf plant that commonly grows with grass plants. goats use forbs best. Sheep and cattle can too, but they’re not as good.

35
Q

This plant material/roughage is a last resort because few animals are able to digest them

A

browse/woody plants.

36
Q

T/F the quality of forages/pastures is highly variable.

A

True.

37
Q

What are some good principles to follow in pasture use?

A

monitor quality/growth, use paddocks (rotational grazing), manage with mowing, fertilization, or herbicides, and having a proper stocking rate.

38
Q

What is considered a proper stocking rate?

A

This varies with species/botanical composition. Some 1-2 acres/cow, others 10-20 acres/cow.

39
Q

What is the highest risk with poorly maintained pastures?

A

poisonous plants.

40
Q

What are some other concerns re: pasture management?

A

bloat can occur on legume pastures, so add in other grasses, and nitrate poisoning can occur from things like pigweed. These things can lead to death .

41
Q

What is green chop?

A

forage harvested and chopped daily that is fed in bunks. cows eat less of it as the crop matures.

42
Q

What are some advantages of green chop?

A

less nutrient loss, may reduce bloat.

43
Q

When you see round bales, are you seeing hay or haylage?

A

haylage.

44
Q

What is haylage?

A

semi-wilted, fermented grasses/legumes in bags.

45
Q

What is hay?

A

forage baled at low water content.

46
Q

silages are what?

A

short fibers that have moisture higher than haylage and hay. This is typically seen in big pits.

47
Q

What does the feeding value of hay depend on?

A

kind of hay/botanical composition, stage of maturity when cut, and the harvesting method.

48
Q

When is the ideal time to produce hay?

A

around mid-spring.

49
Q

Why is silage stored in towers, bunkers, or with bags over it?

A

because of anaerobic preservation. Want to keep the oxygen out otherwise you will have mold.

50
Q

What are the different types of silages?

A

corn (most common) and other cereal and by-product silages.

51
Q

Proteinaceous silages involve what?

A

alfalfa, silage or clover silage.

52
Q

Carbonaceous silages involve what?

A

corn and grass silage.

53
Q

How exactly is mold inhibited in the way that silage is stored?

A

there is a low O2 content, the plants continue to respire, using and thus depleting the O2, making CO2 and inhibiting the mold due to lack of O2.

54
Q

How long can you store silages for if stored correctly?

A

for several years.

55
Q

What is the most popular roughage for dairy cattle?

A

corn silage. It is highly palatable and easily stored and handled.

56
Q

What is straw?

A

the non-grain part of crops such as wheat or oats.

57
Q

Is straw high or low in energy?

A

It is low in energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins.

58
Q

What is straw’s main purpose in diets?

A

add fibre.

RUSVM Nutrition Summer 2017 (15 decks)

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