Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 20-1 > Nutrition and Digestion > Flashcards

Nutrition and Digestion Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dehydration Synthesis:

A

Complex molecules go to simpler sugars by removing a water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Carbohydrates: types, functions, properties, lab test (positive/negative), example foods.

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Short term/ long term energy storage
Simple sugars linked together, starch= plants, glycogen= animals, fiber= plant walls
Simple sugars: Benedict’s solution (blue-orange)
Complex Sugars: Iodine (brown-black
Wheat, rice, crackers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fats: types, functions, properties, lab test (positive/negative), example foods.

A

Saturated Fats: E chain, no double bonds, maximum amount of hydrogen, solid and room temp
Unsaturated Fats: Carbon double bonds, can add more hydrogen, liquid at room temp
Energy storage, cell membrane, protection, insulation
Phospholipids: Phosphate- hydropholic, Lipid- hydrophobic, LDL-Bad HDL- Good
Test: Rub it on a brown paper bag- translucent
Butter oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Proteins: types, functions, properties, lab test (positive/negative), example foods.

A

Primary: chain of ameno acids hooked together
Secondary: coils,zigzags
Tertiary: bridges
Quaternary: all of the above hocked together
Transportation, clotting, support, immunity (antibodies), catalysis (enzymes), muscle contractions
Denaturation: active coiled protein turns into a chain- cooking an egg
Test: Biurets Regent, Blue-Violet
Meat, nuts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nucleic Acid: types, functions, properties, lab test (positive/negative), example foods.

A

Types: DNA and RNA (Phosphate-Sugar-Base)
They carry genetic information
Nucleotides make nucleic acids
No test
Any plant with DNA will have nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vitamins vs. Minerals

A

Vitamins (micro nutrients): organic, act as a co-enzymes, help w/ tissue development, tissue growth
Minerals (micro nutrients): inorganic, enable certain chemical reactions to occur, build bones and cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vitamin Deficiencies:

A

Vitamin A: Night Blindness

Vitamin C: Scurvy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mineral Deficiencies:

A

Anemia: Iron deficiency
Goiter: Iodine- an enlargement of the thyroid gland in the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Catalyst:

A

Chemicals that speed up chemical reactions at low temp without altering the products that are former, they are NOT used up by the reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Activation Energy:

A

The amount of energy needed to initiate the reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Enzyme:

A

Are protein catalysts that occur in living organisms (The Lock)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Substrate:

A

Is the reactant molecule for the enzyme (The Key)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Active Site:

A

The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate (Dock)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Co-Factors:

A

Inorganic ions like iron that help make the active site fit for the substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Co-Enzymes:

A

Organic molecules that are made from vitamins that help make the active site fit for the substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Factors that affect enzyme activity:

A

pH: Optimal is 7 for most of the human body, pH levels that are to high can denature an enzyme, altered pH can alter the active site
Temperature: reaction rates w/ increased temp means increased collisions, optimal temp is 37C
Molecule Concentration: increasing the number of substrate molecules will increase the number of enzyme to substrate collisions- meaning more products will form
Inhibitors: Molecules that have a similar shape to the substrate can take it’s place and block the binding site (Competitive and Non-Competitive Inhibitors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

4 Major Processes of the Digestive System:

A

Ingest, Digest, Absorption, Elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  1. Mouth:
A

Physical: Teeth (grinding and tearing)
Chemical: Saliva (amalyse) (breaks down starch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  1. Esophagus:
A

Tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach, peristalsis, no chemical digestion, esophageal sphincter (Mouth - stomach)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  1. Stomach:
A

Stores food, some digestion, pushes food into the small intestine, kills bacteria w/ acid
Pyloric sphincter (Stomach - Small Intestine)
Physical: mixing things w/ gastric juice to produce chyme
Chemical: hydrochloric acid, enzymes and pepsin for digesting proteins
Mucus lining to protect the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  1. Small Intestine:
A

Diameter is small
Digestion and absorption of macro molecules,
Duodenum: 25cm, chemical digestion (secretions from liver and pancreas)
Jejunum: 2.5m, folds and glands for digestion and absorption
Ileum: 3m, passes undigested materials to large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

4.5 Villi:

A

High surface area for digestion, tiny folds are villi and micro villi are on them
Inside each villus is a lymph vessel to absorb fat and a capillary network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  1. Pancreas
A

Trypsin & chymotrypsin digest proteins into small polypeptide chains
Pancreatic amylase digest starch
It releases hormones, insulin and glucogon into the blood stream to control blood sugar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Liver:

A

Produces bile and emulsify fats for lipase enzymes to act on

26
Q

Gall Bladder:

A

Stores and concentrates bile until fat-containing chyme arrives in the small intestine
Transports bile via bile duct

27
Q

Large Intestine (Colon):

A

Concentrates and eliminates waste
Absorb water and salts
Produces vitamins w/ the help of bacteria
No digestion occurs
The appendix hangs off the beginning portion
Does not have folds because it has less to absorb
Rectum has three fords and allows you to hold feces
Anus eliminates feces from body
Internal and external sphincter allow you to control when you eliminate waste

28
Q

Enyzme: Carbohydrates

A

Pancreatic amalyse turns starch- disaccharides

carbohydrases turns into di and monosaccharides like glucose, galactose and fructose

29
Q

Enzyme: Proteins

A

Trypsin and chymotripsin from pancreas digest proteins to peptides
Peptidase from the panceas and small intestine digest peptides into amino acids

30
Q

Enzyme: Fats

A

Bile emulsifies fat into droplets (physical not chemical)

Lipase breaks down fats to glycerol and fatty acids

31
Q

Enzyme: Nucleic Acids

A

Nuclease to digest nucleic acids to nucleotides

Nuclepsidase breaks up nucleic acids to bases, sugars and phosphates

32
Q

What are the accessory Organs?

A

Pancreas, Liver and Gall Bladder

33
Q

Secretions (Where it can be found and what it does): Mucus

A

Mouth, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

Protects, its in cells, lining of digestive track

34
Q

Secretions (Where it can be found and what it does): Hormones

A

Stomach, Small Intestine, Pancreas

Regulates the release of acid, enzymes, bile, bicarbonate

35
Q

Secretions (Where it can be found and what it does): Saliva

A

Found in the mouth

Contributes to starch digestion using salivary amylase, lubricates the inside of the mouth, assists w/ swallowing

36
Q

Secretions (Where it can be found and what it does): Bicarbonate

A

Pancreas, Small Intestine

Neutralize pH pf chyme

37
Q

Secretions (Where it can be found and what it does): Acid

A

Stomach

Digests proteins

38
Q

Secretions (Where it can be found and what it does): Bile

A

Liver, stored in gall bladder

Emulsifies fat

39
Q

Secretions (Where it can be found and what it does): Enzymes

A

Mouth, Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines

Chemical digestion of macromolecules

40
Q

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Carbohydrases

A

Origin small intestine
Substrate dissaccharides
Monosaccharides

41
Q

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Pancreatic Amylase

A

Pancreas
Starch and glycogen
Dissacharides

42
Q

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Peptidase

A

Pancreas, small intestines
Peptides
Smaller peptides and amino acids
pH 2

43
Q

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Nucleases

A

Pancreas
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides

44
Q

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Salivary Amaylase

A

Salivary glands
Starch, glycogen
Dissacharides
pH 7

45
Q

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Pancreatic Lipase

A

Pancreas
Lipids
Acts in the small intestine
Fatty acids and glycerol

46
Q

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Pepsin

A

Stomach
Protein
Peptides

47
Q

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Trypsin and Chymotrypsin

A

Pancreas
Peptides
Smaller Peptides
pH 8

48
Q

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Nucleosidases

A

Small Intestine
Nucleotides
Bases, sugars and phosphates

49
Q

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Jaundice

A

Yellowing of the skin and eyes

Blocked bile duct; also associated w/ liver problems

50
Q

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Scurvy

A

Tooth lose, weak bleeding gums, bleeding from membranes w/ mucus
Vitamin C deficiency

51
Q

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Rickets

A

Weak or distorted bones

Vitamin D deficiency

52
Q

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon, cramping, diarrhea may have to be removed
Unknown

53
Q

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Crohn’s Disease

A

Inflammation of the small intestine (ileum), cramping, diarrhea
Unknown but can result in nutritional deficiency b/c of poor absorption

54
Q

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Acid Reflux

A

Stomach acid flows up the esophagus, heart burn

Weakened sphincter and some acidic foods

55
Q

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Lactose Intolerance

A

Nausea, cramps, bloating, diarrhea

Shortage of lactase enzymes

56
Q

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Ulcers

A

Sores in the lining of the stomach

Caused by a breakdown of the mucus lining

57
Q

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Cirrhosis

A

Liver can no longer produce bile so the body can’t digest fat very easily
Excessive alcohol intake, hepatitis, infection, chemicals

58
Q

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Gallstone

A

Pain in the abdomen

Salt crystals form from the salt in bile and cholesterol

59
Q

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Obesity

A

Overweight BMI is 20% over the ideal

60
Q

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Anorexia Nervosa

A

Not eating, often accompanied by excessive exercise, psychological

Biology 20-1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions