Nutrition and Digestion

Question 1

4 Macromolecules

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 2

Dehydration Synthesis:

Answer 2

Complex molecules go to simpler sugars by removing a water molecule

Question 3

Carbohydrates: types, functions, properties, lab test (positive/negative), example foods.

Answer 3

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Short term/ long term energy storage
Simple sugars linked together, starch= plants, glycogen= animals, fiber= plant walls
Simple sugars: Benedict’s solution (blue-orange)
Complex Sugars: Iodine (brown-black
Wheat, rice, crackers

Question 4

Fats: types, functions, properties, lab test (positive/negative), example foods.

Answer 4

Saturated Fats: E chain, no double bonds, maximum amount of hydrogen, solid and room temp
Unsaturated Fats: Carbon double bonds, can add more hydrogen, liquid at room temp
Energy storage, cell membrane, protection, insulation
Phospholipids: Phosphate- hydropholic, Lipid- hydrophobic, LDL-Bad HDL- Good
Test: Rub it on a brown paper bag- translucent
Butter oil

Question 5

Proteins: types, functions, properties, lab test (positive/negative), example foods.

Answer 5

Primary: chain of ameno acids hooked together
Secondary: coils,zigzags
Tertiary: bridges
Quaternary: all of the above hocked together
Transportation, clotting, support, immunity (antibodies), catalysis (enzymes), muscle contractions
Denaturation: active coiled protein turns into a chain- cooking an egg
Test: Biurets Regent, Blue-Violet
Meat, nuts

Question 6

Nucleic Acid: types, functions, properties, lab test (positive/negative), example foods.

Answer 6

Types: DNA and RNA (Phosphate-Sugar-Base)
They carry genetic information
Nucleotides make nucleic acids
No test
Any plant with DNA will have nucleic acid

Question 7

Vitamins vs. Minerals

Answer 7

Vitamins (micro nutrients): organic, act as a co-enzymes, help w/ tissue development, tissue growth
Minerals (micro nutrients): inorganic, enable certain chemical reactions to occur, build bones and cartilage

Question 8

Vitamin Deficiencies:

Answer 8

Vitamin A: Night Blindness

Vitamin C: Scurvy

Question 9

Mineral Deficiencies:

Answer 9

Anemia: Iron deficiency
Goiter: Iodine- an enlargement of the thyroid gland in the neck

Question 10

Catalyst:

Answer 10

Chemicals that speed up chemical reactions at low temp without altering the products that are former, they are NOT used up by the reaction

Question 11

Activation Energy:

Answer 11

The amount of energy needed to initiate the reaction

Question 12

Enzyme:

Answer 12

Are protein catalysts that occur in living organisms (The Lock)

Question 13

Substrate:

Answer 13

Is the reactant molecule for the enzyme (The Key)

Question 14

Active Site:

Answer 14

The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate (Dock)

Question 15

Co-Factors:

Answer 15

Inorganic ions like iron that help make the active site fit for the substrate

Question 16

Co-Enzymes:

Answer 16

Organic molecules that are made from vitamins that help make the active site fit for the substrate

Question 17

Factors that affect enzyme activity:

Answer 17

pH: Optimal is 7 for most of the human body, pH levels that are to high can denature an enzyme, altered pH can alter the active site
Temperature: reaction rates w/ increased temp means increased collisions, optimal temp is 37C
Molecule Concentration: increasing the number of substrate molecules will increase the number of enzyme to substrate collisions- meaning more products will form
Inhibitors: Molecules that have a similar shape to the substrate can take it’s place and block the binding site (Competitive and Non-Competitive Inhibitors)

Question 18

4 Major Processes of the Digestive System:

Answer 18

Ingest, Digest, Absorption, Elimination

Question 19

1. Mouth:

Answer 19

Physical: Teeth (grinding and tearing)
Chemical: Saliva (amalyse) (breaks down starch)

Question 20

2. Esophagus:

Answer 20

Tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach, peristalsis, no chemical digestion, esophageal sphincter (Mouth - stomach)

Question 21

3. Stomach:

Answer 21

Stores food, some digestion, pushes food into the small intestine, kills bacteria w/ acid
Pyloric sphincter (Stomach - Small Intestine)
Physical: mixing things w/ gastric juice to produce chyme
Chemical: hydrochloric acid, enzymes and pepsin for digesting proteins
Mucus lining to protect the stomach

Question 22

4. Small Intestine:

Answer 22

Diameter is small
Digestion and absorption of macro molecules,
Duodenum: 25cm, chemical digestion (secretions from liver and pancreas)
Jejunum: 2.5m, folds and glands for digestion and absorption
Ileum: 3m, passes undigested materials to large intestine

Question 23

4.5 Villi:

Answer 23

High surface area for digestion, tiny folds are villi and micro villi are on them
Inside each villus is a lymph vessel to absorb fat and a capillary network

Question 24

5. Pancreas

Answer 24

Trypsin & chymotrypsin digest proteins into small polypeptide chains
Pancreatic amylase digest starch
It releases hormones, insulin and glucogon into the blood stream to control blood sugar.

Question 25

Liver:

Answer 25

Produces bile and emulsify fats for lipase enzymes to act on

Question 26

Gall Bladder:

Answer 26

Stores and concentrates bile until fat-containing chyme arrives in the small intestine Transports bile via bile duct

Question 27

Large Intestine (Colon):

Answer 27

Concentrates and eliminates waste Absorb water and salts Produces vitamins w/ the help of bacteria No digestion occurs The appendix hangs off the beginning portion Does not have folds because it has less to absorb Rectum has three fords and allows you to hold feces Anus eliminates feces from body Internal and external sphincter allow you to control when you eliminate waste

Question 28

Enyzme: Carbohydrates

Answer 28

Pancreatic amalyse turns starch- disaccharides | carbohydrases turns into di and monosaccharides like glucose, galactose and fructose

Question 29

Enzyme: Proteins

Answer 29

Trypsin and chymotripsin from pancreas digest proteins to peptides Peptidase from the panceas and small intestine digest peptides into amino acids

Question 30

Enzyme: Fats

Answer 30

Bile emulsifies fat into droplets (physical not chemical) | Lipase breaks down fats to glycerol and fatty acids

Question 31

Enzyme: Nucleic Acids

Answer 31

Nuclease to digest nucleic acids to nucleotides | Nuclepsidase breaks up nucleic acids to bases, sugars and phosphates

Question 32

What are the accessory Organs?

Answer 32

Pancreas, Liver and Gall Bladder

Question 33

Secretions (Where it can be found and what it does): Mucus

Answer 33

Mouth, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine | Protects, its in cells, lining of digestive track

Question 34

Secretions (Where it can be found and what it does): Hormones

Answer 34

Stomach, Small Intestine, Pancreas | Regulates the release of acid, enzymes, bile, bicarbonate

Question 35

Secretions (Where it can be found and what it does): Saliva

Answer 35

Found in the mouth | Contributes to starch digestion using salivary amylase, lubricates the inside of the mouth, assists w/ swallowing

Question 36

Secretions (Where it can be found and what it does): Bicarbonate

Answer 36

Pancreas, Small Intestine | Neutralize pH pf chyme

Question 37

Secretions (Where it can be found and what it does): Acid

Answer 37

Stomach | Digests proteins

Question 38

Secretions (Where it can be found and what it does): Bile

Answer 38

Liver, stored in gall bladder | Emulsifies fat

Question 39

Secretions (Where it can be found and what it does): Enzymes

Answer 39

Mouth, Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines | Chemical digestion of macromolecules

Question 40

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Carbohydrases

Answer 40

Origin small intestine Substrate dissaccharides Monosaccharides

Question 41

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Pancreatic Amylase

Answer 41

Pancreas Starch and glycogen Dissacharides

Question 42

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Peptidase

Answer 42

Pancreas, small intestines Peptides Smaller peptides and amino acids pH 2

Question 43

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Nucleases

Answer 43

Pancreas Nucleic acids Nucleotides

Question 44

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Salivary Amaylase

Answer 44

Salivary glands Starch, glycogen Dissacharides pH 7

Question 45

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Pancreatic Lipase

Answer 45

Pancreas Lipids Acts in the small intestine Fatty acids and glycerol

Question 46

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Pepsin

Answer 46

Stomach Protein Peptides

Question 47

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Trypsin and Chymotrypsin

Answer 47

Pancreas Peptides Smaller Peptides pH 8

Question 48

Digestive Enzymes (Comes from, Works on, Makes): Nucleosidases

Answer 48

Small Intestine Nucleotides Bases, sugars and phosphates

Question 49

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Jaundice

Answer 49

Yellowing of the skin and eyes | Blocked bile duct; also associated w/ liver problems

Question 50

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Scurvy

Answer 50

Tooth lose, weak bleeding gums, bleeding from membranes w/ mucus Vitamin C deficiency

Question 51

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Rickets

Answer 51

Weak or distorted bones | Vitamin D deficiency

Question 52

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Colitis

Answer 52

Inflammation of the colon, cramping, diarrhea may have to be removed Unknown

Question 53

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Crohn's Disease

Answer 53

Inflammation of the small intestine (ileum), cramping, diarrhea Unknown but can result in nutritional deficiency b/c of poor absorption

Question 54

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Acid Reflux

Answer 54

Stomach acid flows up the esophagus, heart burn | Weakened sphincter and some acidic foods

Question 55

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Lactose Intolerance

Answer 55

Nausea, cramps, bloating, diarrhea | Shortage of lactase enzymes

Question 56

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Ulcers

Answer 56

Sores in the lining of the stomach | Caused by a breakdown of the mucus lining

Question 57

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Cirrhosis

Answer 57

Liver can no longer produce bile so the body can't digest fat very easily Excessive alcohol intake, hepatitis, infection, chemicals

Question 58

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Gallstone

Answer 58

Pain in the abdomen | Salt crystals form from the salt in bile and cholesterol

Question 59

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Obesity

Answer 59

Overweight BMI is 20% over the ideal

Question 60

Disease Symptoms and Cause: Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 60

Not eating, often accompanied by excessive exercise, psychological