Nutrition Flashcards
What are the two types of vitamin?
Fat soluble
Water soluble
Where are fat soluble vitamins stored?
in adipose tissue
What is a benefit of fat soluble vitamins?
That it is hard to be deficient
What is a danger of fat soluble vitamins?
There is increased toxicity risk
What is deficiency and excess of Vitamin A (retinol)?
Deficiency: colour blindness
Excess: Exfoliation, hepatitis
What is deficiency and excess of vitamin D
Deficiency: osteomalacia/rickets
Excess: hypercalcaemia
What is deficiency and excess of Vitamin E
Deficiency: anaemia, neuropathy, IHD
Excess: N/A
What is deficiency and excess of Vitamin K
Deficiency: defective clotting
Is it more common to get a deficiency or excess of water soluble vitamins?
Deficiency is easier
because they can’t be stores in the body
What is deficiency of Vitamin B1
Beri Beri
- Wet (CVD)
- Dry (neurological disease - wernicke’s)
What is deficiency of B2
Glossitis
What is deficiency of B6
Dermatitis
Anaemia
What is deficiency of B12
Pernicious anaemia
What is Pellagra characterised by?
3Ds
Diarrhoea
Dermatitis
Dementia
What is deficiency of niacin?
Pellagra
What is deficiency of Vitamin C?
scurvy
What is excess of vitamin C?
Renal stones
How does most of our energy expenditure occur?
It is RESTING energy expenditure
due to the basal metabolic rate
What is the composition of an ideal dieT?
50% CARBOHYDRATES
33% fat
17% protein
What is the problem with the composition of a western diet?
Increased fat, decreased carbohydrates
What is the hunger hormone’
Ghrelin
What is the satiety hormone
PYY
What occurs after eating by the hypothalamus?
Hypothalamus causes insulin release.
Insulin causes:
- Increased energy expenditure
- Increased satiety
What hormone does adipose tissue produce after eating’
Leptin
What does leptin do?
Negative feedback to the hypothalamus, preventing further eating
What is the best indicator of CVD=?
Weight circumference
What are obesity associated comorbidites?
Psychological CVD Malignancy Diabetes Gynaecologic Rheum Pregnancy OSA
What is normal protein intake for M/F
M= 84 F = 64g
What are the three types of protein?
Indispensable
Conditionally indispensable
Dispensable (body can produce them)
What does high saturated fatty acid intake do to LDL?
INCREASES LDL
What does high polyunsaturated fatty acid intake do to HDL
Decrease LDL
What is a trycliceride made up of?
Glycerol
3 fatty acids
What are the good and bad fatty acids:
Cis: good, hydrogen bonds on same plane
Trans: bad, hydrogen bonds on different plane
What are the types of fat you can have/eat?
Saturated - BAD
Monosaturated
Polysaturated - GOOD
What should be the components of your carbohydrate intake?
20% simple carbohydrates
80% complex carbohydrates e.g. bread
What are the 5 defining features of metabolic syndrome?
Waist circumference Fasting glucose HDL HTN Microalbumin insulin resistance
What are the 2 medical therapies licenced for obesity?
Orlistat
GLP1
What are the 3 types of bariatric surgery
Adjustable band
Gastric bypass
Sleeve gastrectomy
What is marasmus caused by?
By low dietary intake of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
What is Kwashniorkor caused by?
Protein deficiency
