Nutrition Flashcards
What are the 6 groups Nutrients can be grouped into?
- Carbohydrates (saccharides)
- Proteins
- Lipids (fats)
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water
How many kilocalories per gram do carbohydrates provide to the body
4 kilocalories
What is the sole source of energy for the brain
Glucouse is the sole energy source
What is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature
Glucose
What is the sweetest of monosacchrides
Fructose
Fructose is also known as
Levulose
Vegetables contain high levels of…
Fructose
How many calories or kcal per gram does sucrose contain?
4 kcal/gram
What sweetener is most implicated in dental caries?
sucrose
What helps digest lactose?
lactase
What are lactose intolerant people lacking?
lactase
What is maltose/malt sugar composed of?
2 glucose molecules connected with an alpha glycosidic bond
What is Maltose an intermediate product of?
intermediate product of the starch (polysaccharide) digestion
What are sugar Alcohols also known as
Polyols
How many calories or kcal per gram do sugar alcohols/polyols contain?
2 kcal/gram
If you see the ending “ol” what should you think of
sugar alcohol/polyol
If a child has teeth that are erupting, what sugar alcohol would work best?
xylitol
What is a brand name for Saccharin
Sweet’N Low
What artificial sweetener is Sweet’N Low derived from?
Saccharin
What are brand names for Aspartame
Equal and NutraSweet
What artificial sweetener is Equal and NutraSweet drived from
Aspartame
What pH are aspartame-containing products most stable at
pH 4.3 (acidic)
What can’t people with PKU (phenylketonuria) injest
aspartame
what label must all aspartame-containing products contain
a PKU warning label
What is PKU
phenylketonuria
What artificial sweetener poses a hypoglycemic risk for diabetics
Acesulfame K
What artificial sweetener is Splenda derived from?
Sucralose ~very very commonly used~ ~safe for diabetics~
What artificial sweetener is plant derived
Stevia
What is stevia also known as
‘sweet leaf’ and ‘sugar leaf’
What are oligosaccharides
carbohydrates with three to ten units of glucose
What are three to ten units of glucose sometimes called
oligosaccharides
What is starch also known as
Amylum
What is starch/amylum
a digestible complex carbohydrate made of thousands of glucose molecules
What is amylose
a linear chain of glucose molecules; it is poorly soluble in water and slowly digestible
What is Amyloectin
a branched chain of glucose molecules; it is more soluble in water and more easily digestible than amylose
Where does starch naturally occur?
Plant foods
How many calories per gram does starch provide?
4
Nutritionally, What is the most important carbohydrate?
Starch
What should individuals with Celiac disease avoid?
Wheat and corn-derived starch as a food additive…may contain gluten
What is the storage form of glucose
Glycogen (secondary long-term energy source)
Where is glycogen stored and produced?
by the hepatocytes in the LIVER and is stored in the MUSCLE CELLS
What happens when glycogen metabolism becomes abnormal?
Diabetes
What are two types of fiber
Soluble an insoluble
Soluble fiber…
dissolbes in water to form a gel-like material (oats, peas, beans, also PECTIN (apples, citris foods, berries))
Insoluble (dietary) fiber…
promotes the movement of material through the digestive system (PERISTALSIS) (ex: whole-wheat flour, wheat bran, nuts, beans, veggies)
What is fiber best known to help
prevent or relieve constipation
What does fiber do
- prevent or relieve constipation
- aids in weight control
- lowers diabetes and heart disease risk
What is the recommended daily fiber intake
25-38 grams
Where does the digestion of Polysaccharides/Starch begin
*Begins in the oral cavity with the secreation of salivary amylase which converts polysaccharide into maltose then continues in small intestine with the release of pancreatic amaylase
where does the digestion of Disaccharides occur?
in the small intestine and is dependent on enzymes
What is the digestion of disaccharides dependent on
- SUCRASE breaks down SUCROSE to form one molecule of GLUCOSE and one FRUCTOSE
- LACTASE breaks down LACTOSE to form one molecule of GLUCOSE and one molecule of GALACTOSE
- MALTASE breaks down MALTOSE to form TWO molecules of GLUCOSE
What is the primary source of energy
Carbohydrates ( 4 kc/g)
what is necessary to metabolize fats?
oxaloacetic acid
what is needed for normal peristalsis
fiber from carbohydrates
many antibodies and proteins used in the immune system contain what?
carbohydrates and protein
What percentage and grams of carbohydrates should children and adults consume
45%-65% and 130 grams
onset of Type 1 -
genetics or viral infection affecting ISLETS OF LANGERHANS in the pancreas
Characteristic of Type 1 diabetes
weight loss and increased appetite
Characteristic of Type 2 diabetes
Weight gain with increased appetite
onset of Type 2-
insufficient insulin
What is the fruity breath odor from ketosis called
Acetone breath
What are ketones in the blood and urine called
Ketonemia and ketonuria
What are the words for increased thirst, appetite and urination
Polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria (symptoms of diabetes)
Possible complications of diabetes
- perio
- xerostomia
- loss of sight
- compromised kidney function
- poor circulation
- increased cardiovascular risk (most common cause of diabetes-associated death)
if you see consult physician or stress reduction protocol
use them as an answer
what is insulin shock
hyoglycemia
what is low blood glucose
less than or equal to 70 mg/dl
what is the brain entirely fueled by?
glucose
What are the monosaccharides
Contain only one type of sugar
- Fructose
- Glucose
- Galactose
What are the Disaccharides
Made u of glucose combined with another sugar
- Sucrose
- Lactose
- Maltose
What are the nutritive sweeteners (provide calories)
Sugar Alcohols/polyols (end in ol)
What are the non-nutritive sweeteners (no associated caloric value)
Alternative Sweeteners
What monosacharide makes up Sucrose
one molecule of glucose bound to one molecule of fructose
What monosacharide makes up Lactose
glucose and galactose
What monosaccharide makes up Malatose
two glucose molecules
What are amino acids
hundreds or thousands of small units which are attached to one another in long chains
**make up proteins
How many different types of amino acids are there?
20 that can be comined to make a protein
how many essential amino acids are there
9
What are the groups that amino acids are classified as
- Essential
- Nonessential
- Conditional
What are essential amino acids
can not be made by the body-come from food
what are nonessential amino acids
synthesized in the body–generally in the liver
What is a complete protein and where are they found
a protein that provides all 9 essential amino acids.. only found in animal products or soy
What is an incomplete protein
lack one or more of the essential amino acids.. found in non-animal foods and are generally considered healthy… beans and rice
What are complementary proteins
provide adequate amounts of all the essential amino acis (combining rice and beans**)
What are two main types of undernutrition
- Marasmus
2. Kwashiorkor
what is Marasmus
means to waste away.. inadequate food intake.. generally in young children and babies.. leads to dehydration and weight loss.. Identified by stomach shrinkage
What is Kwasiokor
Severe protein deficiency.. occurs generally in children 18 months -2 years of age.. generally children who have been weaned off breast milk.. identified by Bulging of the stomach
what are lipids
~FATS~ molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells THEY ARE NOT SOLUBLE IN WATER
What are Fatty Acids
Long chain carboxylic acids (may or may not contain double carbon bonds.. saturated or unsaturated)
What is a saturated fatty acid?
has NO carbon-carbon bonds (because carry the maximum number of H)
What are saturated fats derived from?
animals and are typically solids (beef..lamb..pork..butter..cheese..)
Saturated fats in relation to cholesterol?
increase serum cholesterol levels
What are monounsaturated fatty acids
fat molecules that have one unsaturated CARBON bond in the molecule with NO hydrogen bonds
what are monounsaturated fatty acids derived from?
Plant foods (nuts, avocados, vegetable oils) and are liquid at room temp but harden when chilled
Monounsaturated fatty acids in relation to cholesterol?
maintain serum cholesterol levels
What is the most abundant fatty acid in nature?
Oleic acid it is an omega-9 fatty acid*
What are polyunsaturated fats?
fat molecules that have MORE THAN ONE unsaturated CARBON BOND in the molecule
What to polyunsaturated fats increase?
high density lipoprotein (HDL) (this is a good thing.. it reduces risk of heart disease and stroke)
What are polyunsaturated fats derived from?
Plant-based oils (sunflower oil, corn oil, walnuts, tofu) (these help provide essential fats that the body needs but can’t produce itself)
What are the two essential fatty acids?
- Linoleic Acid (omega-6 fatty acid)
2. Linolenic Acid (Omega-3 fatty acid)
What is Linoleic Acid?
Essential fatty acid, essential for normal growth and development, used to make EICOSANOIDS which REGULATE INFLAMMATION (sunflower oil, corn oil, nuts, pumpkin seeds)
What is Linolenic Acid?
Lowers cardiovascular risk by lowering cholesterol levels, best sources are oily fish (mackerel, tuna, salmon) and seaweed because they have omega-3 in the form of EPA and DHA
Omega-6: omega-3 ratio (western diets and what it should be)
Western: 20:1
Should be: 1.5:1
How many kilocaleries/gram do fats have?**
9 kc/g
What feeling to fats provide?
satiety (fullness) & also maintain body temperature (core temp)
What are vitamins?
organic compounds (meaning they always contain carbon)
how many vitamins are there
13
How are vitamins categorized
A. Water-soluble
B. Fat-soluble
What kind of vitamins can easily build up to toxic levels?
Fat-soluble.. These are easily stored in the body and not readily excreted
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E and K
What is Vitamin A?
a group of fat-soluble retinoids (think of eyes)
What is vitamin A involved in
Immune function VISION (prevents night blindness) component of RHODOPSIN (a protein that absorbs light in the retinal receptors) Reproduction BONE HEALTH Cellular communication
what can inadequate vitamin A consumption lead to*
alter keritinization of oral tissues
What can alter keritinization of oral tissues?
Inadequate vitamin A consumption
What vitamin promotes calcium absorption in the gut and enables normal mineralization of the bone
Vitamin D
What does vitamin D do
promotes calcium absorption in the gut and enables normal mineralization of the bone
How is vitamin D produced
endogenously (in the body..but can not do it without sunlight)
What can Vitamin D deficiency cause
Rickets (children
Osteomalacia (adults)
How is Rickets identified
in children, failure of bone tissue to properly mineralize resulting in soft bones and skeletal deformations (bowed legs, enlarged head, deformed pelvis)
How is Osteomalacia identified
weakening of the bones when calcium is leached from bones to make up for insufficient absorption of vitamin D from the intestine (bowed legs, bent posture, bone pain, muscle weekness)
what is a long-term effect of calcium and vitamin D insufficiency
Osteoporosis
What is Vitamin E
fat-soluble compound with distinctive antioxidant activities, inhibits platelet aggregation and enhances immune system
what is a clinical sign that Vitamin E levels are too high?
gingival bleeding
what is a clinical sign that Vitamin E levels are too high?
gingival bleeding
What are the most common sources of vitamin K
Spinach***** broccoli, and iceberg lettuce
What happens to water-soluble vitamins
they are not stored in the body, any surplus beyond what the body absorbs is excreted in the urine
Is it safe to take in a lot of water soluble vitamins?
yes, the body needs a continuous supply though a steady daily intake
Where can you find water soluble vitamins?
fruit, veggies, grains
What are the water-soluble vitamins?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Vitamin Bs -B1(Thiamin) -B2(Riboflavin) -B3(Niacin) -Pantothenic Acid -B6 (Pyridoxine) -B9(Folic Acid) -B12(cobalamin**)
What does Vitamin C produce
Collagen ( C=Collagen)
What are the sources of Vitamin C
Strawberries** broccoli, tomatoes..
What does Vitamin C deficiency cause
Scurvy
What are clinical manifestations of Vitamin C deficiency
bleeding gingiva, delayed wound healing, bleeding into joints, anemia
What people are at a higher risk of vitamin C deficiency?
- *people with low income/low socioeconomic status
- medical condition (such as chrohn’s)
- older people
- smokers
- pregnant and breast-feeding women
What are Vitamin B’s good for
converting food into energy and neuronal (brain) support. also help the nervous system function properly
What is Vitamin B1
Thiamine
What is Thiamine
Vitamin B1
What does Thiamine do
forms ATP (adenosine triphosphate) that every cell of the body uses for energy. May strengthen the immune system and improve the body’s ability to withstand stressful conditions
What can occur from Thiamine deficiency
- Beri beri
- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
What are symptoms of beri beri
- swelling, tingling or burning sensation in the hands and feet
- confusion
- fluid in the lungs
- uncontrolled eye movements (nystagmus)
What are symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
(brain disorder caused by malnutrition due to alcoholism) -memory problems
-nerve damage
What is Vitamin B2
Riboflavin
What is Riboflavin
Vitamin B2
How can the breakdown of B2 in milk occur?
B2 is light sensitive, milk must be stored in opaque containers to prevent the breakdown of B2
What is Vitamin B3
Niacin
What is Niacin
Vitamin B3
What occurs from Vitamin B3 deficiency
Pellegra
What are symptoms of Pellegra
The 4 D's Dementia Diarrhea Dermatitis Death
What is Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
What is Pyridoxine
Vitamin B6
What does Vitamin B6 do
supports adrenal function and maintains a healthy nervous system
What are symptoms of Vitamin B6 deficiency
Dermatitis Cracked and sore lips Inflamed tongue Confusion Depression Insomnia
What is Vitamin B9
Folate, Folic Acid
What is Folate, Folic Acid
Vitamin B9
What two Vitamins HAVE to work together
Vitamin B9 and B12.. to form healthy red blood cells
What Vitamins work together to form healthy red blood cells
B9 and B12
What plays a role in preventing birth defects during early pregnancy?
B9… (spina bifida)
What are symptoms of B9 deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia (abnormal blood cells)
Red, beefy tongue that can be painful
Angular Stomatitis
What is Vitamin B12
Cobalamin
What is Cobalamin
Vitamin B12
What does Cobalamin contain
Cobalt
What is needed for folate metabolism
Cobalamin
How is Cobalamin absorbed?
The intrinsic factor (Dietary B12 is called extrinsic factor)
What can vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency cause
weakened bones tingling and numbing in extremities nerve damage, muscle weakness, neurological problems (dementia, depression), upset digestive tract, enlarged liver Pallor (brown-gray fingernail and toenail discoloration) Megloblastic anemia smooth, thick, red tongue
What does friable tissue and gingival bleeding suggest
Vitamin C deficiency
What deficiency does glossitis suggest?
(B12) Cobalamin deficiency
What does glossitis and cheilosis suggest?
(B6) Pyridoxine deficiency
What does Gingivitis, stomatitis, and glossitis suggest?
(B3) Niacin deficiency
What are minerals?
inorganic elements found in soil
What are the MAIN Macrominerals?
Calcium ~THINK (CA)(NA)(K)~
Sodium
Potassium
What is the most abundant mineral in the body?
Calclium ~98% in bone tissue ~1% in teeth~ ~1% in blood~
What are the main functions of calcium?
forms and maintains bone and tooth structure
coagulates blood
builds and maintains connective tissue
What is needed to absorb Calcium?
Vitamin D (just think of milk, they kinda go hand in hand) (and remember, osteoporosis is Ca AND Vitamin D deficiency)
What are the main functions of Sodium
maintain blood pressure, fluid balance
Does excess sodium consumption cause hypertension
NO! it AGGRIVATES it!
What is the recommended daily sodium consumption for adults and children?
no more than 2300 mg (about 1 teaspoon daily)
What is Potassium helpful in?
cells need a high internal concentration of potassium to function normally
Where will you find Potassium?
bananas and spinach
What are the main Microminerals?
Iron (FL)(I)(CO)(FE)
Copper
Iodine
Fluoride
What are the primary functions of Iron
Transport and stores oxygen in the blood
Aids in energy metabolism
What does iron deficiency cause?
anemia, iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia
Most common oral symptoms of iron deficiency?
mucosal pallor, atrophic glossitis, burning sensation of oral mucosa
Dietary sources of Iron?
liver, beans, spinich NOT FOUND IN MILK
What are the primary functions of Copper?
Keeps arteries flexible
Helps the body use and absorb iron
Aids in the formation of collagen**
(deficiency of copper is rare)
Why is Iodine important in the body?
It is an essential component of thyroid hormones (T4, T3) which regulate basal metabolic rate Thyroid is the only organ that NEEDS Iodine
Iodine deficiency can lead to what?
Goiter formation
Hypothyroidism
Calorie to energy output ratio?
Calorie intake should equal energy output
what is BMR
Basal metabolism rate, an estimate of how many calories are burned at rest for 24 hours…. represents the minimum amount of energy needed to keep the body functioning by maintaining vital bodily functions
What is Degree of physical activity?
the VOLUNTARY component of energy
What is Specific dynamic activity (SDA)
the energy needed to digest and absorb nutrients
What disorder has the highest mortality of all the psychiatric diseases?
Anorexia..due to cardiovascular collapse
what are oral characteristics of bulimia?
Dental erosion (perimolysis) Restorative erosion (floating fillings) Enlarged parotid glands
What is the optimum water intake?
Take the body weight in lbs and divide it in half
