Community Dental Health Flashcards
What is a Random Sample
each element in the population has a ~equal chance of appearing~ reduces the chance of bias
What is a Stratified Sample
selecting an element according to certain subgroups to diminish the chance of sample fluctuation
Ex: dividing people by ages (1-10, 11-20, 21-30) then selecting a sample from each subgroup
What is a Systematic Sample
selecting every “nth” to participate
Ex: every 7th, or every 4th..
What is a Judgment Sample
someone who knows the population selects the sample; familiarity with the population (BIAS)
~needs specific type of people to fit the requirement for the survey
What is a Convenience Sample
group is chosen because it happens to be convenient; may represent the population; ease for evaluator ex: interviewing those who are in a class that given day
What is a Variable
what is being measured or observed
Ex: the toothbrushing techniques of a group
What is a dependent variable
the outcome of interest; should change in response to intervention
~depends on the independent
What is an independent variable
the intervention; what is being manipulated
What is a data matrix?
a table showing scores from lowest to highest
what is frequency disstribution
tabulating how often each score occurs
What is a skew
symmetry of the curve
What is a positive skew?
more scores are in the lower range
What is a negative skew?
more scores are in the higher range
What is a normal curve/bell curve
scores are equally distributed around the mean; mean, median and mode all have the same value
What are measures of central Tendency
different ways to define the center or middle of a distribution (mean, median, mode)
What is mean
average number of score; add all scores and divide by number of scores (most common measure of central tendency
What is median
numbers from lowest to greatest and then the one in the middle
What is mode
score that occurs with greatest frequency (peak of curve when plotted out)
What are measures of dispersion
describes how wide the scores arae around a central point (range, standard deviation)
range
difference between the high and low score (affected by extremely high or low scores)
What is standard deviation
most commonly used method of dispersion in research; the larger the number representing the standard deviation, the wider the distribution curve (smaller deviation: more narrow, larger deviation: more wide)
What is validity
the degree to which a data collection instrument measures the variable it is designed to measure; does the test really measure what it claims to be measuring?
What is reliability?
the extent to which the method of measurement performs consistently (thing consistently reliable like a pet)
what is an intraexaminer
Consistent performance bye the same investigator when using a data collection instrument (1 examiner)
What is an interexaminer
Consistent performance by different investigators when using the same data collection instrument (2+ examiners)
What is sensitivity
The ability of a test to correctly identify the ~Presence~ of a disease
What is specificity
The ability of a test to correctly identify the ~absence~ of a disease
what is the t-test
used when comparing the statistical difference between two mean scores
What is ANOVA (Analysis of Varieance)
used when comparing the statistical difference between three or more mean scores
What is p-value (probability Value)
used when testing hypothesis
What is a primary preventative service
techniques and agents to reverse progress/forestall onset of disease BEFORE TREATMENT becomes necessary
ex: Mechanical and chemical plaque control, fluoride, nutritional conseling
What is a secondary preventative service
routine treatment methods to terminate a disease and RESTORE tissues to as normal as possible
Ex: periodontal debridement, restorations
What is a tertiary preventative service
involves using measures necessary to REPLACE lost tissue and rehabilitate patients
Ex: implants
What is an epidemic
an unexpectedly large number of cases of disease in a particular population at a particular time and place
What is an endemic
a disease that occurs regularly in a population as a mater of course
What is a pandemic
an outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area such as a continent
What is incidence
the number of NEW cases in a population at risk during a particular period of time; conveys information bout the risk of contracting a disease
What is prevalence
the number of NEW AND OLD cases of a disease in a population in a given period of time; tells how widespread the disease is
what are indices
an expression of clinical observations in numeric value
what are the categories of indices
Reversible, Irreversible, Simple, Cumulative
What is a reversible indices
measures conditions that can be reversed or resolved
What is a Irreversible indices
measures cumulative conditions that cannot be reversed
What are simple indices
measures the presence or absence of a condiditon
What are cumulative indices
measures all the evidence of a condition, past and present
what is CAMBRA
Carries Managagement by risk assessment
key to identifying adult or child indices
adult=capitalized child=lowercase
what is DMFT/DMFS
Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth/ Decayed, Missing, Filled Surfaces
- irreversible
- used to measure PAST AND PRESENT CARIES EXPERIENCE of a population with PERMANENT teeth
what is deft
decayed, need for extraction, filled teeth
- irreversible
- measures observable caries experience in PRIMARY teeth
- does not take into account teeth that have been extracted or exfoliated due to past caries experience
what is dft/dfs
decayed, filled teeth/ decayed, filled surfaces
- irreversible
- used to measure observable caries experience in PRIMARY teeth
RCI
Root Caries Index
- Irreversible
- attempts to assess the extent of root caries experience within the context of individuals at risk for the disease
- only takes into consideration areas of ROOT EXPOSURE
What are the dental caries indices
DMFT/DMFS, deft, dft/dfs, RCI
what are the gingivitis indices
GI, SBI
GI
Gingival Index
- reversible
- based on severity of inflammation and location
- can be used to determine prevalence and severity of gingivitis in cohort groups as well as in individual dentitions
SBI
Sulcular Bleeding Index
- reversible
- designed to detect early symptoms of gingivitis
- useful in short-term clinical trials
What are the periodontal Indices
PDI, PI, PSR, CPITN
PDI
Peridontal Disease Index (Ramfjord)
- irreversible
- measures the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease
- measures the reversible (gingival) and irreversible (attachment loss) of periodontal disease
PI
The Periodontal Disease (Russell)
- irreversible
- each tooth is scored according to the condition of the surrounding tissue
- does NOT measure loss of attachment - question of validity
PSR
Periodontal Screening and Recording
- assesses the state of periodontal health in a rapid and effective manner
- Preliminary screening to determine need for full mouth periodontal assessment
- requires use of special probe
CPITN
The Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs
- established by world health organization to determine periodontal treatment NEEDS rather than periodontal status
- requires use of special probe
What are the Oral Hygiene Indices
OHI-S, PlI, PHP, VMI
OHI-S
Simplified Oral Hygiene Index
- reversible
- used to measure oral hygiene status
- involved both a debris and calculus index
PlI
Plaque Index
- Reversible
- Measures difference in thickness of soft deposits at gingival margin
- used in conjunction with GI -Gingival Index
PHP
Patient Hygiene Performance
- Reversible
- Assesses individual’s performance in removing debris after toothbrushing instructions
VMI
Volpe-Manhold Index
- reversible
- used to test agents for plaque control and calculus inhibition
- scores supragingival calculus following prophylaxis
Examination method type I
Complete examination - includes mouth mirror and explorer, lighting, thorough radiographys, study models, tests as needed
Examination method type II
Limited examination - includes mouth irror and explorer, lighting, posterior bitewings and selected periapical radiographs
Examination method type III
inspection - Mouth mirror, lighting
Examination method type IV
screening - Tongue depressor, lighting
What is a goal?
broad based statement of what changes will occur as a result of the program
What is an objective.
specific statement that describes, in a measurable manner, the desired result of the program; based on need of target population; can be considered steps to achieve the program goals
What is a Habit
The patient begins to experiencce gratification and self-satisfaction; behavior is modified
What is Action
The patient tests new concepts; acts based on a perceived need
What is Invlolvement
Old ideas are discarded for new ones in an effort to change; motivate to act
Self-interest
Patient personalizes information
Awareness
Correct information is obtained but it still lacks personal meaning
Unawareness
The patient has incomplete or inaccurate information
What are the stages of learning
- Habit
- Action
- – Involvement
- — Self-interest
- —- Awareness
- —– Unawareness
What is a Summative evalution
outcome evaluation - after the program; examining the processes or activities of a program after they have taken place; measures impact of program
What is a Formative Evaluation
during the program; examining the processes or activities of the program as they are taking place
