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Foundations > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones of Digestive Tract

A

Gastrin-digests food, necessary for growth
Secretin-duodenum, stimulates stomach to produce enzymes/liver to produce bile, regulates water homeostasis
Cholecystokinin (CCK)-duodenum, causes pancreas to release enzymes, signals gallbladder, hunger suppressant

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2
Q

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A 
body weight/height^2
Underweight: <18.5
Overweight: 25-29.9
Obesity: >30
Morbid Obesity: >35 w/comorbidities OR BMI >40
Waist M: >40in F: >35in
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3
Q

Obesity Assessment

A 
H&amp;P
Fasting lipid profile
TSH
Fasting glucose &amp;HgbA1C
Liver enzymes
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4
Q

Risks for weightloss/malnutrition

A

9 D’s: dementia, depression, disease, dysphagia, disgeusia, diarrhea, drugs, dentition, dysfunction

Meals on wheels: medication effects, emotional probs, anorexia, late life paranoia, swallowing disorders, oral factors, no money, wandering/dementia, hyper/hypothyroidism, enteric probs, eating probs, low salt/cholesterol diet, social probs

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5
Q

Malnutrition

A

Need 2 or more:
-insufficient energy intake, weight loss, loss of muscle mass, loss of subcutaneous fat, localized/generalized fluid accumulation, diminished functional status (handgrip)

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6
Q

Anorexia

A

Decrease in appetite

Associated with poor emotional wellbeing, illness, drugs, dementia, mood disorder

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7
Q

Cachexia

A 
Hypercatabolic state by accelerated loss of skeletal muscle due to inflammatory response
involuntary weight loss more than 10%
Anorexia
Systemic inflammation
Sarcopenia
Fatigue
Imbalance of catabolism and anabolism
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8
Q

Sarcopenia

A

Loss of skeletal muscle, strength, performance
Underlying illness doesn’t have to be present
Nutritional deficiency
Insulin resistance

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9
Q

Malnutrition Risk

A

At risk if 1+ met:
unintentional weight loss more than 10% in last 3 months
Body weight <90% ideal for height
BMI <18.5

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10
Q

Protein Deficiency

A

Hollowing of temporal muscles
Wasting of upper arms/thighs
Esily plucked hair
Peripheral edema

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11
Q

Screening Tools

A

Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS)
Simplified Nutrition Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ)
SCREEN II
Malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST)
Mini nutritional assessment (MNA)

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12
Q

Malnutrition markers

A
  • Mild: albumin 2.8-3.2, TS200-250, lymphocytes 1200-2000
  • Moderate: Al 2.1-2.7, TS 100-200, lympho 800-1200
  • Severe alb <2.1 TS<100 Lympho<800
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13
Q

Treatment for Weightloss

A

Treat underlying condition

Address inadequate food intake

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14
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

More toxic than water soluble in excess

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15
Q

Vitamin A

A

Retinol
Bile needed for absorption, stored in liver
Helps bone/tooth, skin/mucous membranes, dim light vision

Deficiency: night blindness, dry eyes, goose bump rash

Excess: liver damage/increased pressure on brain, vision changes, bone pain, rough skin/dry lips

Sources: Dark leafy green/yellow veggies, fortified dairy, liver

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16
Q

Vitamin D

A

Calcium hemostasis/bone metabolism/internal Ca/K absorption
Inhibited by glucocorticoids

Deficiency: Rickets, osteomalacia

Excess: anorexia, n/v, polydipsia, polyuria

Sources: fortified milk, fish liver oil, UV exposure, supplements

Recommended dose: 600IU/day

Best lab: serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D

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17
Q

Vitamin E

A

AKA Tocopherols
Vision, reproduction, health of blood/brain/skin, cell membrane protection

Deficiency: neuropathy, RBC hemolysis in malnourished infants

Excess: ow toxicity, augments anticoagulant effects

Sources: salad oil, shortenings, margarine, whole grain, legumes, nuts, dark leafy veggies

RDA: 15mg/day

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18
Q

Vitamin K

A

Forms PT, synthesized in intestines, neg. effected by antibiotics

Deficiency: prolonged clotting time, heme (esp in newborns)

Excess: toxic in large amounts

Sources: intestinal bacteria, dark leafy veggies

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19
Q

Vitamin C

A

Forms collagen, hormone synthesis, teeth firm in gums, infection resistance, iron absorption

Deficiency:poor wound healing, poor bone/tooth development, dry skin, petechiae, fatigue, scurvy

Excess: kidney stones, false neg urinary glucose in DM

Sources: citrus, strawberries, cantaloupe, tomatoes, broccoli, raw green veggies, potatoes, peppers

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20
Q

Vitami B1-Thiamine

A

Coenzyme for glucose breakdown, healthy nerves, good digestion, normal appetite

Deficiency: neuropathy, Wernicke encephalopathy (eye probs), beriberi disease (nerve inflammation)

Source: meats, dry beans/peas, PB, enriched whole grain bread, milk, eggs

If pt presenting w/ encephalopathy/alcoholis treat w/ thiamine

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21
Q

Vitamin B2- Riboflavin

A

Coenzymes for proteins/glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, electron transporter

Deficiency: Cheilitis, burning/itchy/sensitive eyes, glossitis/scarlet tongue

Sources: dairy, meat, fish, leafy veggies, enriched/whole grain breads, cereal

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22
Q

Vitamin B3-Niacin

A

Required by all cells, coenzyme for energy metabolism, needed for RNA/DNA formation, normal digestion, healthy skin/nervous system
Tryptophan is precursor (60mg=1mg niacin)

Deficiency: Pellagra (dermatitis, hyper pigmentation, glossitis), birth defects

Excess: flush/itchy/tingly, liver failure, DM, gout, hypotension, peptic ulcer disease

Sources: meat, fish, leafy veggies, enriched, cereal, supplements

Benefits: release fatty acids, reduce cholesterol, replacement for statins in high dose

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23
Q

Vitamin B5-Pantothenic Acid

A

Coenzyme A
Synthesizes sterols, fatty acids, heme

Deficiency (rare): neuritis of limbs, burning feet, vomitting

Sources: meat, fish, legumes, whole grain cereal, milk, fruit, veggies, colonic bacteria

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24
Q

Vitamin B6-Pyridoxine

A

Coenzymes for protein metabolism
Conversion of tryptophan to niacin, formation of heme

Deficiency (rare): cheilosis, anemia, stomatitis, weak gait, irritability/insomnia, nasolabial seborrheic dermatitis

Excess: peripheral neuropathy, photosensitivity, nausea

Sources: meat, whole grain, leafy veggies, potatoes

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25
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Formation of mature RBC, synthesis of DNA/RNA, requires intrinsic factor from stomach for absorption

Deficiency: pernicious anemia, microcytic anemia, neurologic degeneration, pallor

Sources: animal foods, milk, eggs, meat, fish

26
Q

Vitamin-Folate, folic acid

A

Maturation of RBC, synthesis of DNA, RNA

Deficiency: microcytic anemia (need supplements in pregnancy)

Sources: dark leafy veggies, meat, fish, eggs, flour, whole grain cereal, citrus fruit

27
Q

Vitamin Biotin

A

Components of coenzymes in metabolism, synthesis in intestine, avidin interferes with absorption

Deficiency: AMS, Myalgia, anorexia/nausea, dermatitis around eyes, alopecia

Sources: organ meats, egg yolk, legumes, nuts, yeast, mushrooms

28
Q

Macrominerals

A

Calcium, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, sodium

29
Q

Microminerals

A

Iron, iodine, copper, zinc, fluoride

30
Q

Calcium

A

99% found in bones/teeth, nervous stimulation, muscle contraction, blood clotting, activates pancreatic lipase, PTH regulates blood levels, 10-40% absorbed, aided by vit D and lactose, hindered by oxalic acid

RDA:1000mg/day

deficiency: fragile bones, osteoporosis, hypertension

Sources: dairy, mustard/turnip greens, cabbage, broccoli, clams, oysters, salmon, fortified foods, juice, rice, cereal

31
Q

Phosphorous

A

80-90% in bones/teeth, aides in tissue/cell repair, assist kidneys ridding waste, reduce muscle pain after strenuous activities, enzymes for energy metabolism, protein synthesis, regulation of heart rate, conduction of nerves

Deficiency: bone pain, fatigue

Excess: hard organs/muscles/soft tissue, interferes with body use of iron, mg and zinc, happens in renal disease, need to balance with calcium

Sources: dairy, meat, fish, whole grain, nuts, legumes

RDA: 700mg/day

32
Q

Magnesium

A

60%in bones/teeth, helps bones stay strong, transmits nerve impulses, muscle contraction, enzymes for energy metabolism, supports healthy immune system, regulates HR, assist in regulating BS

Deficiency: weakness, irritability, irregular heart beat

Sources:milk, meat, leafy veggies, legumes, whole grain

RDA 250-300mg/day

33
Q

Sodium

A

Extracellular fluid, water/acid-base balance, nervous stimulation, muscle contraction, regulated by adrenals, excreted in urine and skin

Deficiency: rare, excessive sweating

Excess: hypertension

Source: salt, baking powder/soda, milk, eggs, meat, fish, process/cured/smoked food

<2300mg/day

34
Q

Potassium

A

Intracellular fluid, protein/glycogen synthesis, water balance, transmits nerve impulses, muscle contraction, regulated by adrenals, excreted in urine

Deficiency: starvation, diuretic, GI losses, aldosteronism, DM ketoacidosis, CKD, excess alcohol use
Fatigue, muscle cramps, constipation

Sources: meat, cereal, fruit/juice, veggies, molasses, salt substitute

Causes of excess: kidney failure, CKD, Addison’s disease, angiotensin II receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, dehydration, RBC destruction, type 1 DM

35
Q

Iron

A

in Hgb, muscle myoglobin, oxidizing enzymes for release of energy, acid/vitamin c aid absorption, daily loss in urine/feces, menstrual loss

Deficiency: anemia, cheiosis, pallor

Excess: vommiting, diarrhea, altered consciousness, hepatotoxicity, death

Sources: organ meat, fish, whole grain, green veggies, dried fruit

36
Q

Iodine

A

Forms thyroxine for energy metabolism, in thyroid gland

Deficiency: Goiter

Sources: iodized salt, shellfish, saltwater fish

37
Q

Fluoride

A

Prevents tooth decay, stored in bones/teeth

Excess: leads to tooth mottling

Sources: fluoridated water/toothpaste

38
Q

Zinc

A

Enzymes for tx of co2, taste/protein synthesis, necessary for insulin formation

Deficiency: growth retardation, altered taste, depressed immunity, acrodermatitis enteropathica

Sources: plant/animal proteins, oysters

39
Q

Copper

A

Uses iron for Hgb formation, pigment formation, myelin sheath, healthy bones/collagen, ceruloplasmin in blood, necessary for insulin formation

Deficiency: rare, decreased with excess zinc

Excess: Wilsons disease

Sources: liver, meat, shellfish, nuts, legumes, whole grain cereal

40
Q

Fruit

A

Vit c, fiber, potassium

41
Q

Veggies

A

fiber, potassium, Vitamins A, C, K, E, B6, copper, meg, thiamine, niacin, choline, folate

42
Q

Grains

A

fiber, iron,zonc, manganese, folate, mag, copper, thiamine, niacin, vit B6/A, phosphate, selenium, riboflavin

43
Q

Dairy

A

Calcium, phos, vit A/D/B12, riboflavin, protein, potassium, zinc, choline, mag, selenium

44
Q

Protein

A

B vitamins, selenium, choline, phos, zinc, copper, Vit D/E

45
Q

Oils

A

Essential fatty acids and VitaminE

46
Q

Physical Activity Coefficient (PAC)

A

sedentary: 1
Low active: 1.12
Active: 1.27
Very active: 1.45

47
Q

How many calories in 1 pound?

A

3500

48
Q

Carbs

A

Digestd into glucose, increases BS, main fuel source

225-325 g/day (900-1300cals/day from carbs, 1 carbs=15g)

Glycemic index: low 1-55, medium 56-69, high >69

49
Q

Fat

A

Energy reserve, protects organs, insulation, transports fat soluble vitamins

50
Q

Fats-oils

A

in plant/aanimals
supply calories
assist in absorption of vit A, D, E, K
Health benefits

51
Q

Essentail Fats

A

Needed to build cell membranes, used for maintaining nerve sheaths, blood clotting, muscle movement, inflammation

52
Q

Polyunsaturated Fats

A

Essential for normal function
Omega 3: seafood, flax seed/walnuts, soybean/canola oil
Omega 6: safflower, soybean, sunflower, walnut and corn oils
Lower LDL/triglycerides
FDA RDA: <2g/day
AHA RDA 2-4g/day under care

53
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

A

No RDA
Lowers bad cholesterol when replacing saturated fats (olive, peanut, sunflower, etc oils)
Mediterranean diet

54
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

Can contribute to increased LDL, recommended <10% of daily calories/day
Coconut, palm kernel, butter, palm oil

55
Q

Trans Fatty Acids

A

Poor health effects (increase LDL, decrease HDL)
Inflammatory effects
Contributes to insulin resistance
Banned inUS

56
Q

Protein

A

Tissue structure, part of cell plasma membranes, involved metabolic/transport /hormone systems, make up enzymes that regulate metabolism
Acid-base balance

Legumes, lentils, soy, peanuts, whole grains, seeds, meat, veggies

0.8g/kg of body weight/day

57
Q

Fiber

A

RDA 25-36g/day

Benefits: decreased risk of heart disease/DM, lowers risk of colorectal cancer, decreased all-cause mortality

58
Q

Low carb/keto diet

A

4 parts fat:1part protein
Should starts MVI, calcium potassium citrate and vit D supplements
Lots of adverse effects

59
Q

Low Carb Diet

A

Short term weight loss

60-130g (avg is 225-325)

60
Q

Low Fat diet

A

limited to <30% of energy intake
Fat=9.4cls/g
best for long term weight loss

61
Q

High protein diet

A

Suggested for obese (curbs appetite)

help improve weight maintenance

62
Q

Very low cal diets

A

Energy level 200-800cal/day
rapid weight loss
not suggested for obese/not conventional
Used to prep for sx

Adverse effects: hair loss, thin skin, cold, increased risk of gallstones

Foundations (10 decks)

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