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Foundations > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Basophils

A 
Granulocyte
Least common
Mature in bone marrow
Circulate in blood stream
Release histamine and heparin (allergic and helminth response)
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2
Q

Eosinophils

A 
Derived from bone marrow, 1-6% of WBCs
Bloodstream and organs (GI &respiratory)
Release H2O2 and oxygen radicals to kill viruses/parasites
Release leukotrienes
Active in allergic reactions, asthma
Stimulate T-lymphocytes
Antigen presenting Cell
weakly phagocytic
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3
Q

Leukotriene

A

lipid signaling molecule that causes airway muscle contraction

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4
Q

Neutrophils

A 
Most abundant granulocyte
Circulates bloodstream
"first responder" (bacteria and fungi)
Releases cytokines
Strongly phagocytic
Neutrophil extracellular traps
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5
Q

Cytokines

A

Cell to cell communication proteins that control development, differentiation and movement to specific part of body
Interleukins, TNF, Chemokines, Interferons

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6
Q

Interleukin

A

13 cytokines that are regulators of immune response, inflammatory response and hematopoiesis
ILs 1&6-fever
IL 6-“acute phase” response

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7
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

A

activates neutrophils, mediates septic shock, causes tumor necrosis

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8
Q

Chemokines

A

cytokine released by infected/injured cells-imitate immune response (signal neutrophils and macrophages) and warn neighboring cells of threat

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9
Q

Interferons

A

Block virus replication
Alpha, beta, gamma
Gamma is strongest-produced by Tcells, activates macro/NK/neutro

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10
Q

Mast Cells

A

Release histamine and heparin
Naive in bone marrow, mature in tissues
Degranulate (burst) if injured, encounter antigen/allergen, exposed to complement protein
Causes anaphylaxis

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11
Q

Monocyte

A

“Agranular”
Give rise to dendritic and macrophages
Develop in bone marrow>spleen and tissues
Differentiate in tissues
3 functions: phagocytosis, APC, cytokine production

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12
Q

Dendritic cell

A 
Strongest of APCs
Activate T-helper cells
Capture antigen
migrate to lymph node and present to T and B cells
Langerhans cells
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13
Q

Macrophage

A 
Large phagocyte
release TNF and ILs
Act as APCs to helper T cells
Under skin, lungs, GI, respiratory
3 stages: resting-cleaners, Primed-active engulfing/APC, Hyperactivated-rapidly destroying pathogens
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14
Q

Kupffer Cell

A

Specialized macrophage within liver
destroy bacteria and old RBC
Chronic activation leads to overproduction of inflammatory cytokines
Causes liver damage/cancer
May become host for TB, Leishmania, Cikinguya

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15
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Cytotoxic lymphocytes against viruses and cancer cells
granules of destructive enzymes
Mature in bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and thymus
enhanced by cytokines
Release performs and protease that lyse cell or trigger apoptosis
Can trigger apoptosis by surface contact
in bloodstream, liver and spleen
“kill or don’t kill”
Can kill during resting phase

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16
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Proteins

A

AKA Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
surface molecules that help determine if protein is “self” or “not self”
Bind antigen to cell surface and display for T-cell recognition
3 subgroups (I, II, III)
Determines organ donation compatibility
malfunction causes autoimmune diseases
T and B cell activation

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17
Q

Acute Phase Proteins

A

Produced by liver in response to release of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF
C-reactive protein, Mannose-binding lectin, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
Mark pathogens/injured cells for destruction-activates complement

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18
Q

Complement system

A

Enhances ability of phagocytic cells to destroy pathogens
3 possible activation pathways: Classical (requires trigger), Alternative (continuously activated at low level), &Lectin pathway (requires very specific type of trigger)
ACTIVATED BY ANTIGENS
proteins made by liver
C3 most abundant in humans

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19
Q

Opsonization

A

enhancing phagocytosis of antigens by “marking” them for destruction

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20
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Attracting and activating macrophages and neutrophils; inducing mast cells and basophils to degranulate

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21
Q

Lysis

A

Rupturing pathogen cell-membranes by forming the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

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22
Q

Complement Fixation

A

Antigen combines with an antibody and it’s complement, causing the complement factor to become inactive or “fixed”

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23
Q

Membrane Attack Complex

A

C5b forms complex with C6, C7, C8 and C9 to form MAC

causes lysis of cell by disrupting osmotic balance (bringing water into cell), which causes the cell to swell and burst

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24
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Immediate response
Non-specific response (always the same)
Response doesn’t increase with repeat exposure

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25
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Antibodies recognize only ONE antigen, binds to specific site on invader
Directly block binding of invader cells, Inactivate viruses/neutralize toxins, Mark pathogen for destruction by phagocytes
Requires days to develop
Responce enhanced by repeated exposure (develops memory for quicker/more intense response)

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26
Q

Antibody

A

2 light chains, 2 heavy chains, antigen binding sites, FAB region, Fc region
IgM, IgG, IgE

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27
Q

IgM

A

Primary immune response
Half life of ~10 days
usually in intravascular space
increased levels=RECENT exposure to antigen

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28
Q

IgG

A

4 subclasses
Found in Blood, lymph, CSF, peritoneal fluid
Evenly distributed in intra/extravascular space
Only class that crosses placenta-Rh antigen, but gives baby moms immunity
Helps NK find their target (opsonization), immobilize bacteria by binding to cilia/flagella, activates complement, neutralizes toxins and some viruses by binding
Late in primary response

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29
Q

IgA

A

Primarily in external secretions (including breast milk)

Protects infant, prevents viruses from entering cell, prevent pathogens from attaching to/penetratin epithelial surfaces

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30
Q

IgE

A

Low amounts in serum
2 day half life
Binds to mast cells and basophils
Triggers degranulation, releasing histamin/leukotrienes/heparin from granulocytes
Increased in atopic people & in presence of parasites

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31
Q

IgD

A

Present on surface of naive B cells
low amounts in serum
unknown function

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32
Q

Primary Lymphoid organs

A

Thymus and Bone Marrow

where immature lymphocytes go to mature/proliferate

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33
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils/adenoids, appendix

Where antigens presented to mature B & T lymphocytes to imitate adaptive immune response

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34
Q

B-Cell

A

Elliminates extracellular pathogens
Antigen-presenting cell w/ MHC
Produces antibodies (immunoglobulins, Ig) to neutralize pathogen
Has membrane-bound antibodies, recognizes antigen by B-cell receptor coupled with T-helper, prompts B-cell to divide into effector cells which produce antibodies
Produce memory B cells

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35
Q

T-Cell

A

Destroy intracellular pathogens (viruses/intracellular bacteria)
Directly kill infected cells

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36
Q

CD8 cells

A

Killer t-cells/cytotoxic

specialize in identifying and killing cells infected with virus

37
Q

CD4

A

Helper t-cells
doesn’t directly kill pathogen, sounds alarm with cytokines
Assists in activation of CD8
Signal B cells to start secreting antibodies
Activated cell differentiates into effector and memory cells

38
Q

Hypersensitivity Reactions

A

exaggerated, inappropriate immunologic reaction thats harmful to host

39
Q

What are the 4 types of Hypersensitive reactions?

A

Type I: allergy/anaphylaxis
Type II: Cytotoxic, antibody dependent
Type III: Immune complex
Type VI: Delayed, cell mediated

40
Q

Type I

A

Anaphylactic
First exposure: IgE binds to mast cells
Repeated: antigen binds to IgE bound mast cell, degranulates releasing histamine/heparin
5-30 minutes
Antigens-food, pollen, drugs
Vasodilation, broncho-constriction, edema, itching

41
Q

Type II

A 
Cytotoxic
Antigens on cells or in extracellular matrix leads to complement-mediated lysis
IgG
hours-days
hemolytic anemia
42
Q

Type III

A

Immune complex
IgG
antigen-antibody complex forms and deposits in tissue inducing inflammatory response
complement activated, lysosomes released, tissue damage
2-3 weeks
lupus, rheumatoid arthritis

43
Q

Type VI

A

Delayed cell-mediated
T-lymphocytes, lymphokines
2-3days
macrophage ingests antigen, process and presents with MHC, helper T cell activated and produces gamma interferon activating macrophages
contact dermatitis, poison oak/ivy, TB test reaction, erythema multiforme (target lesions)

44
Q

Hereditory Angioedema

A

deficiency of C1 protease inhibitor (leads to excess C3a, C4a, C5a)
autosomal dominant
larygeal edema, capillary permeability

45
Q

Epitope

A

area on an antigen that triggers a response

46
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

A trigger interferes with normal mechanisms protecting auto-antigens against an immunologic response causing tissue injury
Criteria: autoantibodies, self-reactive T-lymphocytes, imbalance between T and B cell factors
Types of triggers: exogenous, endogenous, molecular mimicry

47
Q

Graves’ Disease

A

Environmental and genetic factors: stress, smoking, postpartum, increased iodine intake
Autoantibodies: thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI)

48
Q

Rheumatic Fever

A 
Molecular mimicry (reaction to infection with Streppyogenes)
Rheumatic heart disease (valve damage)
49
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Autoantibody blocking/inactivation of alpha chain of Ash receipts
Thymus abnormalities in 70%
Anti-AChR antibodies (damage post synaptic membrane, blocks AChR active binding site, increase receptor turnover)

50
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A

Type III
Genetic susceptibility and environmental factors
immune complex formation targets double-stranded DNA
Antibodies: Anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith

51
Q

Type I Diabetes

A

Genetic susceptibility (MHC class II)
Insulin and Islet cell Autoantibodies
t-cell cytokine production and cellular toxicity

52
Q

Rheumatoid Arthrititis

A

Type III
Genetic & environmental factors (tobacco smoke)
Autoantibodies: Rheumatoid factor, anti-CCP

53
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Genetic
pro-inflammatory autoimmune respinse causes myelin destruction
Both T and B cells

54
Q

Active Immunity

A

Artificial antigens administered to elicit controlled immune response
Mediators: antibody and T cells
long duration, slow onset
*most typical vaccines

55
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Antibody transferred from immune individual to non immune individual (immunoglobulins or transferred through placenta)
Immediate, but short duration

56
Q

Live Attenuated Vaccines

A 
Active Immunity
Weakened form of virus
Antigen stimulates immune response
Must be refrigerated
Not for immunocompromised/pregnant
MMR, Varicalla, Flu
57
Q

Inactivated Vaccine

A 
Active Immunity
Pathogens killed to inactivate so we can isolate antigenic material
freeze-dried
weaker immune response, multiple doses
Polio, Hep A, Japanese encephalitis
58
Q

Subunit

A

Active Immunity

Use component of pathogen as vaccine to mimic exposure

59
Q

Toxoid

A

inactivated/killed toxins used to elicit immune response resulting in antibodies that can neutralize toxins (diphtheria)

60
Q

Surface protein Subunit

A

uses purified protein from pathogen

61
Q

Polysaccharide Subunit Vaccine

A

uses polysaccharide antigens (meningococcal, pneumococcal)

62
Q

Recombinant Subunit Vaccine

A

antigens made w/ recombinant DNA tech

63
Q

Conjugate Subunit Vaccine

A

Polysaccharide from bacterial capsule bound to carrier protein
induces long-term protection
Hib, pneumococcal, meningococcal

64
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages

65
Q

Antigen

A

anything that causes an immune response

66
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation and development of cells that make up blood
Fetus: liver/spleen/thymus
Birth^: bone marrow and lymph tissue

67
Q

Primary Immune Response

A

IgM formed early, first exposure to antigen, typically acute infection
IgG formed late

68
Q

Secondary Immune Response

A

IgG high, old infection

69
Q

Adhesion Molecules

A

Membrane proteins that connect cells to other cells or extracellular matrix
Major role in recruitment of neutrophils to inflammation
Chronic inflammation>chronic cytokines release and leukocyte infiltration>release of lysozyme/free radicals>tissue damage

70
Q

Function of Plasma Cells

A

AKA effector cells

produce antibodies

71
Q

Most abundant isotope of antibody in serum?

A

IgD

72
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A

Antibodies produced the lab, bind to only one site on antigen

73
Q

Polyclonal Antibodies

A

Prepared from immunized animals, can bind to multiple sites on an antigen

74
Q

T-Cell and B-Cell Location

A

Immature: Thymus (T only) and bone marrow
Mature: Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils/adenoids, appendix

75
Q

Granulocytes

A

Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, Mast cells

76
Q

Type I interferons

A

Includes alpha and beta, function is to induce viral resistance in cells; can be produced by any cell in body

77
Q

Type II Interferons

A

Secreted only by natural killer cells and t lymphocytes; signals immune system to respond to infectious agents or cancerous growth

78
Q

What does blood type testing look for?

A

agglutination (antibody binding to antigen causing clumping)

79
Q

Type A Blood

A

A antigens, anti-B antibodies

80
Q

Type B Blood

A

B antigens, anti-A antibodies

81
Q

Type AB Blood

A

A and B antigens, no antibodies
AB+ is universal recipient
AB- least common (1%)

82
Q

Type O blood

A

no antigens, Anti-A and anti-B antibodies
O- is universal donor
O+ most common (38%)

83
Q

RH Blood

A

if present blood is + if absent blood is -

Rh- antibodies are not always present button develop upon exposure (Rh- mom and Rh+ fetus-hemolytic disease in newborn)

84
Q

Indirect Coombs Test

A

Mom’s blood drawn mixed with Rh+ RBCs, combo’s serum added-causes agglutination if antibodies present (Rh-)
Test initially and at 28-30 weeks and 36 weeks
mother given RhoGAM immediately after delivery

85
Q

Radioallergosorbent test (RAST)

A

blood test to detect specific IgE antibody to allergen in serum

86
Q

Positive Antigen test

A

pathogen is currently in body

detectable before antibodies on first infection

87
Q

Positive antibody test

A

patient has been exposed to pathogen, may or may not be currently infected

88
Q

Titer

A

measures the concentration of an antibody, determined by finding highest dilution at which it still causes agglutination-higher titer=more antibody present
RPR most commonly used

Foundations (10 decks)

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