Nutrition

Question 0

resting energy expenditure (REE)

Answer 0

BMR plus energy to digest meals and perform mild activity.

60-75% of daily needs

Question 1

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 1

the energy required for a person at rest; the energy needed to maintain breathing, circulation, heart rate, and temperature

Question 2

nutrients

Answer 2

the elements supplied by good that are necessary for body processes and function.
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, vitamins, minerals

Question 3

carbohydrates

Answer 3

• main source of energy in the diet
• saccharides
• -simple carbohydrates (sugars): monosaccharides and disaccharides
• -complex carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, fiber): polysaccharides

Question 4

Glycemic index

Answer 4

• the effect on blood glucose levels and insulin response
• food that releases glucose rapidly into the bloodstream have a high glycemic index
• foods with low glycemic index help with weight loss, promote endurance, and decrease risk of heart disease

Question 5

protein

Answer 5

• essential for growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissue
• blood clotting, fluid regulation, and acid-base balance require protein
• work as defence
• can be used for energy
• part of body structure

Question 6

amino acids

Answer 6

simplest form

• essential: provided in diet
• nonessential: can be synthesized by body

Question 7

saturated or unsaturated fat

Answer 7

• monounsaturated fatty acids: vegetable fats (healthy)
• polyunsaturated fatty acids (healthy)
• saturated fat: animal fat (raises cholesterol

Question 8

trans fatty acids

Answer 8

• mostly found in prepared foods
• raise LDL
• lower HDL

Question 9

cholesterol

Answer 9

• not a fat
• occurs naturally in animal goods but is also synthesized by the liver
• deposits in blood vessel walls causing atherosclerosis

Question 10

fats

Answer 10

• cushion vital organs
• insulate
• protect cell membranes
• provide storage form of energy

Question 11

water

Answer 11

• muscle contains more water than any other tissues except blood
• cell function depends on a fluid environment
• helps regulate temperature and acts as a solvent
• 60-70% of body weight

Question 12

vitamins

Answer 12

• essential to normal metabolism
• depend on dietary intake
• highest vitamin content is found in fresh foods used quickly

Question 13

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 13

vitamin A, D, E, and K

Question 14

water soluble vitamins

Answer 14

vitamin C and B complex: easily destroyed and not stored in the body

Question 15

hypervitaminosis

Answer 15

results from megadoses

Question 16

minerals

Answer 16

• inorganic elements essential as catalysts in biochemical reactions
• not broken down during digestion
• become part of the structure of the body and its enzymes

Question 17

digestion

Answer 17

mechanical breakdown that results from chewing, churning, and mixing with fluid, as well as chemical reactions by which food is reduced to its simplest form
begins in the mouth and ends in the small and large intestines

Question 18

absorption

Answer 18

intestine is the primary site

Question 19

metabolism and storage of nutrients

Answer 19

anabolic (building up) and catabolic (breaking down) reactions

Question 20

dietary reference intakes (DRIs)

Answer 20

range of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals needed whole also avoiding deficiencies or toxic irises

• adequate intake
• estimated average requirement
• recommended dietary allowance
• tolerable upper intake level

Question 21

lactation

Answer 21

500 Kcal per day above the allowance

Question 22

five major areas to assess nutrition

Answer 22

• anthropometry
• laboratory and biochemical tests
• dietary history and health history
• clinical observation and physical examination
• dietary history

Question 23

FASTCHECK

Answer 23

• food preferences
• allergies
• symptoms
• twenty-four hour recall
• chewing
• hunger
• elimination
• chemical substances
• knowledge

Question 24

4 phases of swallowing

Answer 24

• oral preparation phase
• oral or buccal phase
• pharyngeal or swallowing phase
• esophageal phase

Question 25

aspiration

Answer 25

food or fluid going into lungs

Question 26

aspiration pneumonia

Answer 26

aspiration causing pneumonia

Question 27

dysphagia

Answer 27

difficulty swallowing

Question 28

Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

Answer 28

• administered to patients who are unable to digest or absorb enteral nutrition
• peripheral or through a central line
• clinical and laboratory monitoring is required
• indications for TPN include bowel resection, bowel rest, pancreatitis, trauma to abdomen, head or neck, chemotherapy etc.
• complications include CVC (central venous catheter) infection and metabolic alterations