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Biology Mark scheme flashcards > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the term parasite and give an example (2)

A
  • live in or one a host and obtain nutrient whilst harming the host
  • tapeworm/ticks/leeches/headlice
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2
Q

Describe the terms autotroph and give an example (2)

A
  • use simple inorganic molecules to synthesise organic compouns
  • plant/algae
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3
Q

Describe the term saprophyte and give an example (2)

A
  • secrete enzymes onto foood outside the body and absorb soluble products
  • bacteria/fungi
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4
Q

Describe two features of an epithelium cell and explain why it is impotant for cell to function effieintly (4)

A
  • microvilli
  • increase surrface area for diffusion
  • mitochondria
  • synthesis of ATP for active transport
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5
Q

What is the function of goblet cells (1)

A
  • secretes mucus
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6
Q

Where is the main regions in human gut where digestion and absorption occurs (2)

A
  • digestion - mouth ,stomach,small intestine
  • absorption - small intestine , large intestine
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7
Q

Explain why the human digestive system is divided into several regions (1)

A
  • different parts carry out different functions
  • provide differnt conditions for enzymes
  • difference food groups digested in different areas
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8
Q

Suggest why it is a benefit for tapeworm to live in small intestine (1)

A
  • region has hgih concentration of products of digestion
  • tapeworm can absorb nutrients
  • nourishment from digested food
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9
Q

How are tapeworms adapted overcome persitalsis and digestive enzymes (2)

A
  • peristalsis - hooks and suckers attatch to gut wall
  • digesive enzymes - thick cuticle/secretes muscus/secretes enzyme inhibitors
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10
Q

Suggest why tapeworms produce large number of eggs (1)

A

increases chance of surrvival / infeting a new host / many eggs will not survive

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11
Q

Which is the most acidic region of the alimetnary canal (1)

A
  • stomach
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12
Q

In which two areas are proteins,carbohydrates and lipids digested together (1)

A
  • duodenum
  • ileum
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13
Q

Where does the process of protein digestion begin (1)

A
  • stomach
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14
Q

Where is the main site of lipase production (1)

A
  • pancreas
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15
Q

The setion of the alimentary canal where most absorption of digested products occur (1)

A
  • ileum
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16
Q

The section of the alimentary canal whose main function is to absorb water (1)

A
  • large intestine /colon
17
Q

Explain how the jaw and teeth in herbivores are adapted for their nutrition (3)

A
  • large molars for grinding
  • diastma to manipular food
  • well developed incisors for tearing vegetation
  • very small / no canines
  • loos articulation jaw moves in horizontal plame
  • open roots to allow continous growth is molars
18
Q

Explain how the gut of a herbivore is adapted for digestion (2)

A
  • four chembered stomach
  • contain cellulose digesting bacteria
  • long gut allow extra time for digestion of cellulose
  • cud is regurgitated for further chewing
19
Q

Describe how the tapeworm is adapted to obtain its nutrients (3)

A
  • attaches to gut wall by hooks and suckers
  • large surface area to volume ration
  • digested in host gut absorbed into tapeworm
  • short diffusion pathway
20
Q

Explain how hooks andd suckers help the adult tapeworm to survive (2)

A
  • atttach to the gut wall
  • worm does not get movedalong via persitalsis /prevent it being egested
21
Q

State why the adult tape worm does not need a digestive system and explain how the worm body enables it to feed without moth of gut (3)

A
  • lives surrounded by food that has been digested down by human digestvie system
  • long large surface area to absorb digested food
  • thin short sdiffusion distance
22
Q

Describe how the tapeworm’s reproductive strategy helps to ensure its survival (2)

A
  • large numbers of eggs
  • eggs can resist adverse conditions
23
Q

Give an account of sequence of events take place during digestion and absorption of meal containing carbohydrate and protein (10)

A
  • in buccal cavity
  • teeth mechanically break down food
  • salive from salivary glands
  • saliva containss mucus to lubricate
  • amylar substrate is starch product is maltose
  • stomach adapted for protein digestion
  • produces hydrochloric acid
  • peptidase is protein products are polypeptides
  • small intestine adapted to complete protein digestion
  • protease produced in small intestine
  • pancreas produce lipase and amylase
  • endo peptidase and exo peptidase
  • absorption takes place in ileum
  • villi increase surface area
  • glucose are absorbed by diffusion and active transport
24
Q

Explain two features are important in functioning of the villus (4)

A
  • microvilli
  • increase surface area for greater absorption of digested products
  • large capillary network - transport glucose maintain diffusion gradient
  • lacteal - absrob lipids
  • thin epithelium - short diffusion parthway
25
Q

Explain two functions of the secretion of mucus via goblet cells for process of digestion (2)

A
  • reduced frictions for passae of food
  • prevents effect of acid on gut wall
26
Q

Layers of smooth muscle are found in wall of small intestine explain the role of these muscle layers in process of digestion (3)

A
  • peristalsis
  • circular and longitudinal muscles contract
  • forces food along
27
Q

Amino acids are absorbed and transported to live what are the fate of excess amino acids (2)

A
  • deamination
  • reamainder to carbohydrate
28
Q

State three feature of gut parasites adaption to parisitic way of life (3)

A
  • hooks and suckers for attathment to gut
  • large surface area to volume ration
  • thin
  • covering resistant to digestive enzymes
  • produce large number of eggs
29
Q

Give reasons from dentition of a carnivorous diet (2)

A
  • large carnines for tearing / killing prey
  • molars for slicing meat
  • small inciors for gripping flesh
  • carnassials for crushing
  • vertical movements of jaws
30
Q

Describe similar mode of nutrition between carnivores and parasites (1)

A

obtains food from other organisms / heterotrophs

31
Q

describe how parasitic nutrition is different to carnivores (2)

A
  • parasites requires digested food by host whereas carnivores have digestive system
  • parasites absorb food externally whereas carnivores is interal absorption
32
Q

With reference to structure of starch and cellulose explain why alpha amylae is unable to digest cellulose even through starch and cellulose are polymers of glucose (3)

A
  • reference active site of alpha amylase and ock and key theory
  • complementary shape only to starch not cellulose
  • starch contain alpha glucose but cellulose contain beta glucose
  • regerence to coloiling in starch and straight chains in cellulose
33
Q

Why do endopeptidase act before exopeptidase (2)

A
  • endopeptidase hydrolyse peptide bonds in middle of polypeptide chain creating smaller polypeptides
  • many peptides increase number of terminal peptide bonds for exopeptidases to hydrolyse
34
Q

Use examples of sheep and tapeworm and describe and explain the structural adaptations they possess for particular mode of nutrition (10)

A
  • sheep

Biology Mark scheme flashcards (12 decks)

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