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Biology Mark scheme flashcards > biological compounds > Flashcards

biological compounds Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

State the isomer found in cellulose and starch (1)

A
  • cellulose - beta
  • starch - alpha
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2
Q

Explain how the tructure of starch and celluloe related to functions as storage and structural molecule (4)

A

starch
* amylose/ amylopectin
* glycosidic bond alpha 1-4
* molecules coil and branch in amylopectin
* eay to remove glucose
cellulose
* alternate unit rotate/180
* straightchain only
* hydrogen bonds / cross linking
* gives strength of stability / microfibrils

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3
Q

State the type of reaction ivolved in the breakdown of the monoglyceride (1)

A

hydrolysis

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4
Q

Apart from energy storage state two function of triglycerides in a mammal (2)

A
  • protection of internal organs against impact
  • thermal insultation
  • buoynacy waterproofing skin
  • source of metabolic water
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5
Q

Explain why triglycerides are not conidered polymers (1)

A

glycerol and fatty acid have different structures

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6
Q

Stearic acid has the chemical formula C17H35COOH and oleic acids has the chemical formula C17H33COOH what type of fatty acid is oleic acid (2)0

A
  • oleic acid is unsaturated
  • contains at least one C=C double bond
  • not fully saturated with hydrogen atoms
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7
Q

Decribe a biochemical test for the prescence of glucose in a solution (2)

A
  • add benedicts test and boil
  • change from blue to brick red
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8
Q

Explain why a positive result is seen with glucose with benedicts test but not for sucrose (1)

A
  • sucrose is a non reducing sugar
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9
Q

What is the role of magnesium , iron, phosphate, calcium (4)

A
  • magnesium - component of chlorophyll
  • iron - component of haemoglobin
  • phosphate - coponent of nucleic acids/DNA/RNA/nucleotide
  • calcium - hardens bone / teeth
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10
Q

Name the bond between parallel chains of cellulose (1)

A
  • hydrogen bonds
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11
Q

Explain the importance of hydrogen bonding in the role of cellulose in plant cell wall (2)

A
  • holds together cellulose chains / form microfibril
  • stengthen cell walls / strong /rigin
  • can resit turgor/ osmotic pressure/ prevent plant cells bursting
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12
Q

Name chemical reaction by which monomers join together to form cellulose (1)

A

condensation

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13
Q

In chitin what additional compound replaces one of OH group in each of its monosaccharides (1)

A
  • amino acid / glucosamine / amine
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14
Q

State the structural role of chitin in insects and describe its properties that make it suitable for this role (1)

A
  • exoskeleton - strong / waterproof/light/rigidty / tough
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15
Q

Name the storage polysaccharide found in animal cells and plants cell (2)

A
  • animal - glycogen
  • plant - starch
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16
Q

What are the products formed when a triglyceride is broken down (2)

A
  • glycerol
  • 3 fatty acids
17
Q

What is the types of bond broken in a triglyceride and describe the process (3)

A
  • ester
  • hydrolysis
  • chemical insertion of bond
18
Q

Describe two functions of lipids in plants (2)

A
  • energy storage
  • respiratory substrate
  • source of energy
  • waxy cuticle
  • leaf waterproofing
  • membrane structure
19
Q

State how the structure of a saturated fatty acid differs from the structure of an unsaturated fatty acid (2)

A
  • saturated - no double bonds
  • fewer hydrogen atoms
  • comparative reasons
20
Q

Describe a test to show that a solution contains amino acids (2)

A
  • add biuret test
  • blue to purple
21
Q

Suggest a problem that could aride in using this test if very low concnetration of polymer present in solution (1)

A
  • little colour change
  • mauve may be masked
22
Q

State the inorganic ion present in haem group (1)

A

iron

23
Q

Why does haemoglobin have a quantenary structure (2)

A
  • four polypeptide chain
  • in tertiary form
24
Q

Name how alpha helix structure is maintained (2)

A

hydrogen bonding

25
Q

state the level of protein structure shown by haemoglobin (1)

A

quantenary

26
Q

Name two types of bonds present to maintain 3D shape of the polypeptide chain (1)

A
  • disulphide bond
  • ionic bond
  • hydrogen bond
  • hydrophobic interactions
27
Q

Describe two ways in which the structure of phospholipids differ from triglycerides (2)

A

phospholipid
* 2 fatty acids
* phosphate head
* hydrophillic head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails
triglyceride
* 3 fatty acids
* no phosphate
* non polar / hydrophobic

28
Q

Name the type of bond formed between two amino acids (1)

A

peptide

29
Q

Name the molecule produced when lactose is broken down (1)

A

glucose and galactose

Biology Mark scheme flashcards (11 decks)

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