Nutrition Flashcards
What are some nutritional factors affecting infants-school age kids ?
- rapid growth/dietary needs
- breastfeeding/formula
- choking concerns
- nutrient dense foods
What are some nutritional factors affecting adolescents ?
- energy needs
- concerns of body image
- fad diets/risk of eating disorders
What are some nutritional factors affecting young/middle adults ?
- decrease in nutrient demand
- obesity
- pregnancy/lactation
What are some nutritional factors affecting older adults ?
- changes in sense
- oral health
- therapeutic diets
What are some example foods in a clear liquid diet ?
only liquids that are clear and offer little daily calories and nutrients
- clear broth
- coffee & tea
- carbonated drinks
- clear fruit juice
- jello
- popsicles
What are some examples of foods in a full liquid diet ?
foods that are considered liquids or that will turn into liquids at room temp
- clear liquids
- smooth dairy products
- cream soups
- pureed veggies
- all fruit juices
What are some examples of a pureed (dysphagia) diet ?
foods that don’t require chewing
- clear/full liquids
- scrambled eggs
- pureed meats
- mashed potatoes
- thickened liquids
What are some examples of a mechanical soft diet ?
- clear/full liquids
- pureed foods
- diced meats
- flaked fish
- cottage cheese
- canned fruit
What are some examples of a low residue diet ?
- low fiber
- easily digested foods like pasta, moist meats
What is dysphagia ?
difficulty swallowing
- thickened liquids are easiest to swallow
What are some warning signs of dysphagia ?
- coughing/change in voice after swallowing
- abnormal movements of mouth/tongue/lips
- uncoordinated speech
- abnormal gag
- pocketing food
- drooling
Who can perform a screening for dysphagia ?
registered dietician or speech pathologist
What is enteral nutrition (EN) ?
providing patients nutrients into the GI tract via nasogastric (NGT), jejunal (JT), or gastric tube (GT)
- when patients can’t swallow and have a functioning GI tract
What are some feeding complications for enteral tube feedings ?
- aspiration
- diarrhea or constipation
- tube occlusion or displacement (won’t know until it’s flushed)
- cramping
- delayed gastric emptying
- electrolyte imbalances
- fluid volume overload
What is Reglan used for ?
helps with peristalsis (gets things moving along in GI tract)
What is in a basic parentral nutrition (PN) formula ?
combo of amino acids, hypertonic dextrose, electrolytes, vitamins, and tract elements
What is paraenetral nutrition ?
form of specialized nutrition support in which nutrients are provided intravenously (IV) or PIV
- often given to alcoholic patients
What are fat emulsions ?
provides calories and fatty acids
- aka total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
What are some special considerations with parenteral nutrition ?
- first 24-48 hrs deliver 50% of estimated needs and then rate will be increased after that
- label the different ports if there is multiple
- always use an infusion pump & filter
- inspect the solution for particulate matter
What are some complications with parenteral nutrition catheters ?
- catheter occlusion (partial or complete): if it’s sluggish or no flow then stop the infusion and follow protocol
- change tubing q24 hrs
- hang bag for only 24 hr; lipids 12 hrs
- check to see if solution need a filter
What are some parenteral nutrition metabolic complications ?
- DO NOT TRY TO CATCH UP
- electrolyte and mineral imbalances
- hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia
- dehydration
- do not abruptly stop TPN (total parenteral nutrition)
What are some interventions to prevent aspiration due to NGT (nasogastric) feeding ?
- keep HOB up to 30-45 degrees at all times
- measure gastric residual volumes q4-6 hrs
- determine if pt is at high risk for aspiration
-verify correct placement prior to use - stop feedings if aspiration occurs
- administer metoclopramide (reglan) if ordered
- monitor for nausea, vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea and tube occlusion
- increase rate per order
What are some interventions for impaired nutrition due to poor appetite ?
- monitor food intake and record % eaten
- offer small frequent meals
- assist with ordering meals, and encouraging familiar foods
- avoid mealtime interruption
- calm, peaceful, pain-free, odor-free environment
- provide rest periods before meals
- teach importance of having good nutrition
What are some interventions for potential aspiration due to impaired swallowing ?
monitor for:
- abnormal gagging
- cough during eating
- abnormal movements of mouth, tongue or lips
- encourage pt to use chin tuck when swallowing
- slow, weak, imprecise or uncoordinated speech
- delayed or absent trigger or swallow
- pt sit upright with HOB 30-45 degrees an hr after eating
To reduce the risk of aspiration how long should the nurse keep the bed up 30 to 45 degrees after eating?
60 mins
The nurse is preparing to insert a nasogastric tube in a patient who is semiconscious. To determine the length of the tube needed to be inserted, how should the nurse measure the tube? Place the landmarks in order.
- nose
- ear
- xyphoid process
The nurse evaluates which lab value to assess a patient’s potential for wound healing?
protein
The nurse is caring for a client who will require enteral feedings for the next 8 weeks. Which type of line/tube is appropriate for this client ?
NG & G-tube
