Nutrition Flashcards
What two types of roughages are there?
carbonaceous and proteinaceous
What two types of sources do concentrates come from?
Animal and plant
What are the two nutritional additives?
Vitamins and minerals
What are non-nutritional additives?
feed binders, therapeutants, probiotics, enzyme supplements, flavorings
What is crude fiber (CF)?
the total amount of fiber present in the feed including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
What are the three classifications of feed?
Roughages, concentrates, and additives
what does TMR mean?
Total mix rations
T/F Roughages are high in fiber
True
T/F Fiber is cellulose
True
T/F Cellulolytic bacteria regulates pH
True
hay is a what type of method?
preservation method based on removal of water
silage is what type of method?
a preservation method based on acidification by fermentation
Grasses like bermuda, fescue, timothy, and crop reside are what
carbonaceous roughages
legumes like alfalfa and clover are what
proteinaceous roughages
What is crude protein (CP)?
the total amount of protein present in the feed
grains and seeds are what?
energy rich concentrates
animal/plant meals/sources are what?
protein rich concentrates
corn, wheat, barley, milo, and oats are examples of what?
energy rich concentrates
meat and bone meal, blood meal, and fish meal are examples of what?
animal protein rich concentrates
cottonseed meal, soybean meal, and linseed meal are examples of what?
plant protein rich concentrates
what two types of additives are there?
nutrient and non nutrient additives
How much crude protein do animals sourced concentrates have?
60-90% CP
How much crude protein does plant based concentrates have?
30-45% CP
What are vitamins and minerals?
nutrient additives
Change with physical:
weight/size, stage of production, level of production, work, age
change with environment:
climate, physical activity, diseases/parasites
What percent of water is an animal?
60%
What percent of protein is an animal?
16%
What percent of fat is an animal?
2-20%
What percent of ash is an animal?
4%
What is required by animals?
water, energy, proteins, vitamins, minerals
What is provided by feed?
water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals
What is the exception of water loss?
camel
What is the most limiting nutrient?
energy
What are the two components of energy?
carbohydrates and lipids
What three types of carbs are there?
monosaccharides, disaccharide, and polysaccharides
monosaccharides have how many sugar molecules?
one
disaccharides have how many sugar molecules?
2
polysaccharides have how many sugar molecules?
more than 2
examples of monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, and galactose
examples of disaccharaides?
sucrose, lactose, maltose
what is sucrose?
glucose and fructose
what is lactose?
glucose and galactose
what is maltose?
glucose and glucose
examples of polysaccharides?
starch, cellulose, and glycogen
starch and cellulose are found where?
cell walls in plants
glycogen is found where?
muscles and liver of animals
starch has what digestion?
chemical and microbial
cellulose is broken down how?
microbial digestion
glycogen is broken down how?
chemical and microbial digesion
What plays a primary role as an energy substrate?
VFA’s
Lipids have how much more energy than carbs?
2.25% more
What types of lipids are there?
triglycerides, steroids, and phospholipid
how does energy escape?
fecal, urine, gasses, and heat
what is the process to net energy?
gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), metabolic energy (ME), net energy (NE), maintenance
where does fecal energy get released?
gross energy (GE)
where does urine and gasses energy get released?
digestible energy (DE)
where does heat energy get released?
metabolic energy (ME)
what classification are amino acids?
proteins
Where are amino acids found?
muscle, tendon, ligament, connective tissues
Where do monogastrics get protein?
diet
where do ruminants get protein?
diet and digested microbes
what minerals are required in greater proportion?
macrominerals
how many macrominerals are there?
7
What are the 7 macrominerals?
phosphorus, calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sulphur, sodium
what are required in lower proportions?
microminerals
how many microminerals are there?
11
what are the 11 microminerals?
iron, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine, cobalt, fluorine, chromium, molybdenum, boron, manganese
what is calcium used for?
bone, teeth, nerve, and muscle function
what is sodium, potassium, and chlorine used for?
osmotic balance, nerve function, muscle function
what is iodine used for?
thyroid hormones, T3/T4 metabolic rate, iodized salt
what is goiter?
irregular growth of thyroid gland
what is iron used for?
hemoglobin, oxygen transport
what two types of vitamins are there?
fat-soluble and water-soluble
what vitamins are fat-soluble?
A, D, E, K
what vitamins are water-soluble?
C, B-complex
what does vitamin A do?
cell growth
what does vitamin D do?
bone formation
what does vitamin E do?
red blood cells
what does vitamin K do?
clotting factors
what do B-complex vitamins do?
metabolism
what does vitamin C do?
antioxidant
what is the deficiency of vitamin C called?
scurvy
what happens if you don’t get enough vitamin C?
bleeding gums, swollen gums, loose teeth, weak bones, hemorrhaging
