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ANS > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

what are goals of genetic changing?

A

increase profits, efficiency of production, quality of production, select the desired characteristics in companion animals

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2
Q

P

A

phenotype

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3
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance

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4
Q

G

A

genotype

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5
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup for a specific gene

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6
Q

E

A

environment

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7
Q

genome

A

combination of all the genes and DNA

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8
Q

T/F all cells contain all the information to become any kind of characteristic

A

true

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9
Q

which cells don’t contain all the DNA

A

sex cells

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10
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

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11
Q

how much information do sex cells have?

A

1/2

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12
Q

what kind of structure is DNA?

A

double helix

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13
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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14
Q

what are the four bases of DNA?

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

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15
Q

gene

A

basic unit of inheritance consisting of a DNA sequence at a specific location on a chromosome

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16
Q

chromosome

A

one of a number of a long strands of DNA and associated proteins present in the nucleus of every cell

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17
Q

T/F animals have two pairs of chromosomes; one from their mom and one from their dad

A

true

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18
Q

allele

A

alternative forms of a gene

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19
Q

homozygous

A

BB or bb

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20
Q

heterozygous

A

Bb

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21
Q

meosis

A

cell division used in the production of gametes

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22
Q

what are the four types of gene expressions?

A

dominant, recessive, codominant, and incomplete dominance

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23
Q

dominant

A

RR

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24
Q

recessive

A

rr

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25
Q

codominant

A

RW

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26
Q

incomplete dominant

A

in between (labradoodle)

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27
Q

polygenic

A

multiple genes

28
Q

additive gene action

A

when more than one gene is used to create one characteristic

29
Q

quantitative traits

A

many genes are involved in the expression of a trait; over a continuous range of values

30
Q

genetic selection

A

natural and artificial selection

31
Q

natural selection

A

survival of the fittest, environmental science

32
Q

artificial (genetic) selection

A

human influence

33
Q

where did artificial selection start?

A

domestication

34
Q

genetic manipulation

A

selection/breeding

35
Q

where did genetic manipulation start?

A

domestication

36
Q

genetic engineering techniques

A

cloning, genetic mutation, genetic transfer

37
Q

what four types of traits are there?

A

qualitative, simply inherited, quantitative, polygenic

38
Q

qualitative traits

A

discrete classes (yes/no)

39
Q

simply inherited traits

A

few genes

40
Q

quantitative traits

A

expression over a range (weight/height)

41
Q

polygenic traits

A

many genes

42
Q

inbreeding

A

mating of animals more closely related than the rest of the population

43
Q

inbreeding depression

A

genetic diseases

44
Q

outbreeding

A

mating less closely related individuals when compared to the average of the population

45
Q

heterosis

A

increasing the amount of diversity; increased with an outside breeding

46
Q

T/F heterosis and inbreeding depression are opposites

A

true

47
Q

what’s another name for purebreeding?

A

linebreeding

48
Q

purebreeding

A

purpose is to concentrate genes of an outstanding ancestor in the linebred individuals

49
Q

homozygous (purebreeding) examples

A

BB x BB = BB offspring, bb x bb = bb offspring

50
Q

crossbreeding

A

breeding of animals of different breeds or species

51
Q

advantage of crossbreeding?

A

heterosis, uses complementarity of traits

52
Q

what is used extensively in meat producing animals? (beef, swine, lamb)

A

crossbreeding

53
Q

what does heterosis increase?

A

reproduction, weaning weight, and survivability

54
Q

examples of complementarity traits?

A

heat tolerance and parasite resistance

55
Q

cloning

A

reproduction of a new animal from an existing animal (implant nucleus into a new ovum)

56
Q

T/F researchers have found differences in the milk and meat of cloned animals or offspring

A

false

57
Q

gene insertion

A

taking genes from one species and inserting them into another

58
Q

what’s another name for gene insertion?

A

transgenic animals and GMO

59
Q

gene editing

A

changing the current animal’s genome to have the desired trait (CRISPR)

60
Q

CRISPR

A

a specific protein used to cut off a DNA strand

61
Q

examples of gene editing

A

hornless dairy cows, all male offspring, and disease resistant individuals

62
Q

benefits of genetic editing

A

food production and environment and medical issues

63
Q

food production and environment

A

decreased pesticide/herbicide/fertilizers, increased yields and productivity, increased flavor and longevity, and increased nutrient content

64
Q

medical issues

A

increased availability of drugs, decreased cost of medical supplies, and decreased costs of hospitalizations

65
Q

risks of genetic manipulation?

A

genetically engineered organisms released into the general population, long term effect on humans, decrease in biodiversity, unethical/unlawful use of technology, playing God?

ANS (13 decks)

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