Genetics

Question 1

what are goals of genetic changing?

Answer 1

increase profits, efficiency of production, quality of production, select the desired characteristics in companion animals

Question 2

P

Answer 2

phenotype

Question 3

phenotype

Answer 3

physical appearance

Question 4

G

Answer 4

genotype

Question 5

genotype

Answer 5

genetic makeup for a specific gene

Question 6

E

Answer 6

environment

Question 7

genome

Answer 7

combination of all the genes and DNA

Question 8

T/F all cells contain all the information to become any kind of characteristic

Answer 8

true

Question 9

which cells don’t contain all the DNA

Answer 9

sex cells

Question 10

gametes

Answer 10

sex cells

Question 11

how much information do sex cells have?

Answer 11

1/2

Question 12

what kind of structure is DNA?

Answer 12

double helix

Question 13

DNA

Answer 13

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 14

what are the four bases of DNA?

Answer 14

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Question 15

gene

Answer 15

basic unit of inheritance consisting of a DNA sequence at a specific location on a chromosome

Question 16

chromosome

Answer 16

one of a number of a long strands of DNA and associated proteins present in the nucleus of every cell

Question 17

T/F animals have two pairs of chromosomes; one from their mom and one from their dad

Answer 17

true

Question 18

allele

Answer 18

alternative forms of a gene

Question 19

homozygous

Answer 19

BB or bb

Question 20

heterozygous

Answer 20

Bb

Question 21

meosis

Answer 21

cell division used in the production of gametes

Question 22

what are the four types of gene expressions?

Answer 22

dominant, recessive, codominant, and incomplete dominance

Question 23

dominant

Answer 23

RR

Question 24

recessive

Answer 24

rr

Question 25

codominant

Answer 25

RW

Question 26

incomplete dominant

Answer 26

in between (labradoodle)

Question 27

polygenic

Answer 27

multiple genes

Question 28

additive gene action

Answer 28

when more than one gene is used to create one characteristic

Question 29

quantitative traits

Answer 29

many genes are involved in the expression of a trait; over a continuous range of values

Question 30

genetic selection

Answer 30

natural and artificial selection

Question 31

natural selection

Answer 31

survival of the fittest, environmental science

Question 32

artificial (genetic) selection

Answer 32

human influence

Question 33

where did artificial selection start?

Answer 33

domestication

Question 34

genetic manipulation

Answer 34

selection/breeding

Question 35

where did genetic manipulation start?

Answer 35

domestication

Question 36

genetic engineering techniques

Answer 36

cloning, genetic mutation, genetic transfer

Question 37

what four types of traits are there?

Answer 37

qualitative, simply inherited, quantitative, polygenic

Question 38

qualitative traits

Answer 38

discrete classes (yes/no)

Question 39

simply inherited traits

Answer 39

few genes

Question 40

quantitative traits

Answer 40

expression over a range (weight/height)

Question 41

polygenic traits

Answer 41

many genes

Question 42

inbreeding

Answer 42

mating of animals more closely related than the rest of the population

Question 43

inbreeding depression

Answer 43

genetic diseases

Question 44

outbreeding

Answer 44

mating less closely related individuals when compared to the average of the population

Question 45

heterosis

Answer 45

increasing the amount of diversity; increased with an outside breeding

Question 46

T/F heterosis and inbreeding depression are opposites

Answer 46

true

Question 47

what’s another name for purebreeding?

Answer 47

linebreeding

Question 48

purebreeding

Answer 48

purpose is to concentrate genes of an outstanding ancestor in the linebred individuals

Question 49

homozygous (purebreeding) examples

Answer 49

BB x BB = BB offspring, bb x bb = bb offspring

Question 50

crossbreeding

Answer 50

breeding of animals of different breeds or species

Question 51

advantage of crossbreeding?

Answer 51

heterosis, uses complementarity of traits

Question 52

what is used extensively in meat producing animals? (beef, swine, lamb)

Answer 52

crossbreeding

Question 53

what does heterosis increase?

Answer 53

reproduction, weaning weight, and survivability

Question 54

examples of complementarity traits?

Answer 54

heat tolerance and parasite resistance

Question 55

cloning

Answer 55

reproduction of a new animal from an existing animal (implant nucleus into a new ovum)

Question 56

T/F researchers have found differences in the milk and meat of cloned animals or offspring

Answer 56

false

Question 57

gene insertion

Answer 57

taking genes from one species and inserting them into another

Question 58

what’s another name for gene insertion?

Answer 58

transgenic animals and GMO

Question 59

gene editing

Answer 59

changing the current animal’s genome to have the desired trait (CRISPR)

Question 60

CRISPR

Answer 60

a specific protein used to cut off a DNA strand

Question 61

examples of gene editing

Answer 61

hornless dairy cows, all male offspring, and disease resistant individuals

Question 62

benefits of genetic editing

Answer 62

food production and environment and medical issues

Question 63

food production and environment

Answer 63

decreased pesticide/herbicide/fertilizers, increased yields and productivity, increased flavor and longevity, and increased nutrient content

Question 64

medical issues

Answer 64

increased availability of drugs, decreased cost of medical supplies, and decreased costs of hospitalizations

Question 65

risks of genetic manipulation?

Answer 65

genetically engineered organisms released into the general population, long term effect on humans, decrease in biodiversity, unethical/unlawful use of technology, playing God?