Beef Flashcards
european
bos taurus
continental
bos taurus
zebu
bos indicus
synthetic
crossbreeding between bos taurus and bos indicus
Hereford
european
Angus
european
Shorthorn
european
Charlois
continental
Simmental
continental
Limousin
continental
Brahman
zebu
Brangus
synthetic
what is Brangus made up of
Brahman x Angus
european and continental breeds were selected for what
meat quality
brahman were selected for what
heat and parasite resistance
what years did the beef consumption rate grow?
1867-1972
what years did the beef consumption rate decline?
1972-2000
order of industries?
purebreeders, cow/calf, stocker, feedlot, packers
percent of cash reciepts?
70%
percent of beef cows
60%
percent of cattle on field?
85%
percent of cattle slaughtered
80%
what do purebreeeders specialize in?
cow/calf producing
who provides the genetic material for beef supply chain
purebreeders
what percent of beef cattle are AI
<3%
what percent of beef cattle are embryo transfer
<1%
how many calves every year?
1
when do we wean beef calves?
5-7 months (400-600 lbs)
what percent of extensive crossbreeding do beef breeders do?
> 80%
how much does a 2 breed rotation increase heterosis?
15%
how much does a 3 breed rotation increase heterosis?
23%
how much does a 4 breed rotation increase heterosis?
24%
T/F a higher number of breeds in a breeding rotation makes the increase in heterosis increase the most in the long run
false, it levels out
how long is gestation?
285 days (9 months)
how many days (in total) before rebreeding needs to be done?
80 days
how many days is lactational anestrous?
60 days
how many days to rebreed?
20 days
when do beef calves go to the feedlot?
9-11 months (800-900 lbs)
what increases skeletal and muscle development?
natural maturation
what do calves eat while in the stocker?
forages, pasture and crop residue
when do calves go to the feedlot?
850-1200 lbs
what do calves eat at the feedlots?
roughages and energy concentrates
what is the purpose of feedlots?
increase intramuscular fat, taste of fat, and color of fat
T/F organic means no antibiotics and no hormones
true
how old are grainfed cows before the slaughter house
14-16 months
how old are grainfed cows when they arrive at the feedlot?
9-12 months
how long are they in the feedlot?
50-120 days
corn fed
grainfed cows
white fat color
grainfed cows
high fat content
grainfed cows
consistent fat flavor
grainfed cows
lower connective tissue
grainfed cows
lower carbon footprint
grainfed cows
aged <72 hours
grainfed cows
more tender meat
grainfed cows
pasture/range only
grassfed
> 2 years old
grassfed
yellow/orange fat color
grassfed
fat content varies
grassfed
fat content not USDA graded
grassfed
fat flavor varies
grassfed
increased connective tissue
grassfed
less tender
grassfed
20+ days aged
grassfed
higher carbon footprint
grassfed
takes more time and money
grassfed
4 companies process over 80% of all beef produced
Tyson, Cargill, JBS, National Beef
how many head of cattle annually?
35 million
aging in the packer?
72 hours
what temperature in the packer?
35-40 F
quality grade
prediction of palatability
yield grade
estimated proportion of “primary retail cuts” from a carcass
who’s meat is tougher
older cows’
carcass maturity
A-E
A age?
9-30 months
B age?
30-42 months
C age?
42-72 months
D age?
72-96 months
E age?
> 96 months
select
almost no intramuscular fat
choice
medium amount of intramuscular fat
prime
a lot of intramuscular fat
primary retail cuts
chuck, rib, lion, round
1 yield grade
more primary meats, less fat, BETTER
5 yield grade
more primary cuts, more fat, LESS
______ of extramuscular, _________ of intramuscular
less, more
best meat quality breed?
Japanese Wagyu
estrous cycle?
21 days
estrus?
12 hours
gestation?
285 days
T/F beef cows are non-seasonal polyestrous?
true
non-seasonal polyestrous
multiple estrous cycles
6-8 weeks after calving?
spring work: dehorning, vax, brand, castration
5-7 months after calving?
fall work: weaning, pregnancy check
weaning?
5-7 months (400-600 lbs)
sell offspring?
100% steers, 60% heifers
keep offspring?
40% heifers
keep offspring cycle?
replacement females, cull cows, heifer breeding season, calve, breed
how many heifers are replacement females?
40%
how many heifers are cull cows?
10-15%
weight during stocker?
750-850 lbs
weight during feedlot?
1150-1200 lbs
virgin heifer
easiest to breed but highest dystocia rate
1st calf cow
hardest to breed, extra month to recover
benefits of spring calving
nutrition and weather
cons of spring calving
value
who prefers spring calving?
northern states
benefits of fall calving
value
cons of fall calving
weather and nutrition
who prefers fall calving?
southern states
value of meat is related to what?
supply and demand
how many days do 1st calf cows have before rebreeding?
110 days
how many days do the rest of the herd have before rebreeding?
80 days
