Nursing, cells and tissues , chemistry of life & homeostasis

Question 1

What is the function of calcium? (Ca)

Answer 1

• Essential component of bone and teeth.

- Essential for muscle contraction and nerve electrical excitability.

Question 2

What is the function of sodium? (Na)

Answer 2

• Essential as main extracellular cation.
• Essential for nerve function.
• Essential for Ion in salt and water balance.

Question 3

What is the function of Potassium? (K)

Answer 3

• Main intracellular cation.

- Essential for nerve and muscle excitability.

Question 4

What is the function of Iron? (Fe)

Answer 4

• Essential for causing haemoglobin in red blood cells.

- Essential for enzymes activity.

Question 5

What is the function of Iodine? (I)

Answer 5

• Essential component of the thyroxine hormone.

Question 6

Which two elements is a carbon dioxide molecule made of?

Answer 6

Carbon and oxygen.

Question 7

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 7

A single sugar unit.

Question 8

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 8

Two monosaccharides joined together.

Question 9

Polysaccharide?

Answer 9

Multiple , often thousands, of monosaccharides joined.

Question 10

The main monosaccharide needed by the cells for energy is?

Answer 10

Glucose.

Question 11

What is the difference between monosaccharide and glycogen?

Answer 11

Monosaccharide is only one unit and glycogen is a very large polysaccharide (many units).

Question 12

What is the function of the lipid - phospholipids?

Answer 12

Main constituent of plasma membranes.

Question 13

What is the fat- soluble vitamins? and what is there function?

Answer 13

• Vitamins A,D,E & K.

- Vitamins are needed in very small amounts as cofactors in many enzymatic reactions.

Question 14

What is the function of the lipid - hormones? Also name some important ones.

Answer 14

• Hormones are chemical messengers carried from the glands around the body.
• Proteins, the sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone and hydrocortisone.

Question 15

What is the function of the lipid - fats?

Answer 15

• Made of three fatty acid chains joined to the glycerol molecule.
• Fats store energy , insulate the body and cushion body spaces.

Question 16

What is plasma membrane?

Answer 16

• This is the outer body of the cell that controls what comes and goes from them.
• This contains receptors for hormones, growth and other chemical messages the cell must respond to.

Question 17

What fills the interior of the cell and is supposed to suspend other organelles?

Answer 17

Cytosol.

Question 18

What does the organelle Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 18

Packages and stores cell products before export.

Question 19

What is the function of the organelle - Nucleus?

Answer 19

Nucleus contains DNA and carries the code for the cell to produce the essential proteins required for life.

Question 20

The organelle endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is covered with what? and what is their job?

Answer 20

The rough ER is covered with ribosomes whose job is to synthesise.

Question 21

What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) produce?

Answer 21

Steroids and other lipids.

Question 22

What organelle acts as a digestive system for a cell?

Answer 22

Lysosome.

Question 23

What is stratified epithelium?

Answer 23

Multiple cell layers.

Question 24

What is simple epithelium?

Answer 24

Single layers of cells.

Question 25

What is squamous epithelium?

Answer 25

Cells are flat and thin.

Question 26

What is cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 26

Cells are boxy / cube shaped.

Question 27

What is columnar epithelium?

Answer 27

Cells are tall and thin.

Question 28

Why is skin composed of stratified epithelium?

Answer 28

For protection as top layer is replaced by cells, produced by continuous cell division in the basal layer of the epidermis.

Question 29

In the alveoli of the lungs where oxygen enters the body and carbon dioxide leaves, which type of epithelium is present?

Answer 29

Simple squamous epithelium as it needs to be as thin as possible.

Question 30

Loose connective tissue, where is found? what does it do?

Answer 30

• Almost everywhere.

- Supports, connects, gives elasticity and strength.

Question 31

Fat (adipose), where is it? What does it do?

Answer 31

• Packed around body organs.

- Energy source, insulates the body and pad/packs round body organs.

Question 32

Blood, where is it? What does it do?

Answer 32

• Circulates blood vessels and pumped by the heart.
• Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• White blood cells are for defence and immunity.
• Platelets are for clotting.

Question 33

Cartilage, Where is it? What does it do?

Answer 33

• Musculoskeletal system.

- Covers bone ends in joints, separates bones and attaches them.

Question 34

Bone, Where is it? What does it do?

Answer 34

• Skeleton

- Skeleton is a body framework that attaches, supports and protects soft tissues and organs and permits movement.

Question 35

If our body is short of water, which sensation does this stimulate?

Answer 35

Thirst.

Question 36

What does the ‘thirst’ sensation stimulate us to do to restore our water balance?

Answer 36

Have a drink.

Question 37

The general term for a lack of water in the body is?

Answer 37

Dehydration.