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NURSING 2005_Osteoporosis_1 Slide PP Flashcards

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1
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Osteoporosis

A

Metabolic bone disorder where bone mineralisation density & microstructure are significantly below normal.

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2
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Osteopenia

A

A pre-osteoporotic condition where bone mineralisation density is lower than normal, but not low enough to be regarded as osteoporosis.

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3
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Osteoblast

A

Bone forming cell

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4
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Osteoclast

A

Bone resorbing cell

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5
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Osteocyte

A

Bone cell responsible for maintenance of bone matrix.

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6
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Periosteum

A

The layer that surrounds a bone.

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7
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Endosteum

A

Incomplete cellular lining on the inner surface of bones.

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8
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Diaphysis

A

The shaft of a long bone.

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9
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Metaphysis

A

The region of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis, corresponding to the location of epiphyseal cartilage.

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10
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Epiphysis

A

The head of a long bone.

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11
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Trabecular bone

A

Spongy bone, composed of a network of bony struts (porous bone).

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12
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Compact bone

A

Dense bone that contains parallel osteons

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13
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Kyphosis

A

Excessive outward curvature of the spine

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14
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>RANK/RANKL

A

Receptor activator of nuclear-factor kappa-B/ligand

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15
Q

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>OPG

A

Osteoprotegerin

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16
Q

<h1>Page 02</h1>

<br></br>Osteopenia

A

Osteopenia refers to bone mineral density that is lower than normal peak density but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis.

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17
Q

<h1>Page 02</h1>

<br></br>Osteoporosis

A

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in bone density and quality, leading to an increased risk of fractures.

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18
Q

<h1>Page 02</h1>

<br></br>Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis

A

The pathophysiology of osteoporosis involves an imbalance between bone resorption and formation, leading to decreased bone density and strength.

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19
Q

<h1>Page 02</h1>

<br></br>Diagnostic Criteria for Osteoporosis

A

The key diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis include bone mineral density testing and assessment of fracture risk.

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20
Q

<h1>Page 03</h1>

<br></br>Osteoporosis

A

Systemic skeletal disorder characterized by a decrease in total bone mass and density. It is characterized by significant loss of bone mineral density (BMD), loss of microstructure, bones become brittle and fragile, and increased risk of fractures.

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21
Q

<h1>Page 03</h1>

<br></br>Bone Formation & Resorption

A

The underlying cause of osteoporosis, involving a change in balance between bone formation and resorption.

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22
Q

<h1>Page 04</h1>

<br></br>Bone Remodeling

A

The process of old bone being removed and new bone being formed, allowing for the repair of microdamage and the adaptation of bone to mechanical stresses.

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23
Q

<h1>Page 04</h1>

<br></br>Osteoclasts

A

Cells responsible for bone resorption, breaking down bone tissue and releasing minerals into the blood.

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24
Q

<h1>Page 04</h1>

<br></br>Osteoblasts

A

Cells responsible for bone formation, synthesizing and secreting the matrix for bone formation.

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25
Q

<h1>Page 05</h1>

<br></br>Osteoblast cells

A

Bone forming cell. Synthesis of organic matter (e.g. collagen, proteins). Initiate calcification/crystallisation. Some will differentiate into osteocytes. Location: edge of bone (periosteum, endosteum).

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26
Q

<h1>Page 06</h1>

<br></br>Osteoclast cells

A

Bone resorbing cell. Releases lysosomal enzymes/acids that digest/dissolve bone material. Fusion of monocytes = large multinucleated cell. Location: edges of bone/in resorption pits.

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27
Q

<h1>Page 07</h1>

<br></br>Bone Remodeling

A

The process by which old bone is removed and new bone is formed, allowing for the repair of microdamage and the adaptation of bone to mechanical loading.

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28
Q

<h1>Page 08</h1>

<br></br>Pathophysiology

A

The study of the functional changes that occur in the body as a result of injury, disorder, or disease.

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29
Q

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>Parathyroid hormone

A

A hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

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30
Q

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>Androgens (oestrogen/testosterone)

A

Hormones that play a role in bone metabolism and are involved in maintaining bone density.

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31
Q

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>Vitamin D

A

A fat-soluble vitamin that helps the body absorb calcium and is important for bone health.

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32
Q

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>RANKL (receptor activator of NFKB)

A

A protein that plays a key role in the regulation of osteoclast formation and function.

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33
Q

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>OPG (osteoprotegerin)

A

A protein that regulates bone resorption by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts.

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34
Q

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>Sclerostin

A

A protein that inhibits bone formation by suppressing the activity of osteoblasts.

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35
Q

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>Inflammatory cytokines

A

Signaling molecules produced during inflammation that can affect bone metabolism.

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36
Q

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>Denosumab (anti-RANKL)

A

A medication that inhibits the activity of RANKL, thereby reducing bone resorption.

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37
Q

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>Bisphosphonates

A

Medications that help prevent the loss of bone density and reduce the risk of fractures.

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38
Q

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>Calcitonin

A

A hormone that helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood, and may help to slow down bone loss.

39
Q

<h1>Page 10</h1>

<br></br>RANKL

A

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand

40
Q

<h1>Page 10</h1>

<br></br>RANK

A

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B

41
Q

<h1>Page 10</h1>

<br></br>OPG

A

Osteoprotegerin

42
Q

<h1>Page 11</h1>

<br></br>RANKL:OPG Ratio

A

The ratio of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand (RANKL) to Osteoprotegerin (OPG) which controls bone resorption by regulating osteoclast activation.

43
Q

<h1>Page 12</h1>

<br></br>RANKL:OPG Ratio

A

The ratio of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand (RANKL) to Osteoprotegerin (OPG), which controls bone resorption by regulating osteoclast activity. A high RANKL:OPG ratio promotes bone resorption, while a low ratio inhibits bone resorption.

44
Q

<h1>Page 13</h1>

<br></br>Bone Quality

A

The overall architecture, turnover, mineralization, and damage of the bone.

45
Q

<h1>Page 13</h1>

<br></br>Bone Density

A

The amount of mineral content in the bone, which contributes to bone strength.

46
Q

<h1>Page 15</h1>

<br></br>Osteoporosis

A

Systemic skeletal disorder characterized by a decrease in total bone mass and density, often linked to age-related decrease in sex hormones and co-morbidities.

47
Q

<h1>Page 15</h1>

<br></br>Osteopenia

A

Pre-osteoporotic condition characterized by lower than normal bone mineral density (BMD), but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis.

48
Q

<h1>Page 15</h1>

<br></br>Epidemiology of Osteoporosis

A

In the Australian population, osteoporosis affects 3.5%, with 5.5% of all women and 1.4% of all men being affected. The prevalence increases with age, particularly in individuals over 55 years old.

49
Q

<h1>Page 16</h1>

<br></br>Primary Osteoporosis

A

Osteoporosis occurring with NO known cause, including Type 1 (Postmenopausal, due to estrogen deficiency) and Type 2 (due to the aging process).

50
Q

<h1>Page 16</h1>

<br></br>Secondary Osteoporosis

A

Osteoporosis occurring as a result of clinical disorders (e.g. hyperthyroidism), long-term glucocorticoid use, COPD, immobilization, liver disease, or rheumatoid arthritis.

51
Q

<h1>Page 17</h1>

<br></br>Osteoporosis

A

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, leading to fragile bones and an increased risk of fractures.

52
Q

<h1>Page 17</h1>

<br></br>Osteopenia

A

Osteopenia refers to bone density that is lower than normal but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis.

53
Q

<h1>Page 17</h1>

<br></br>Bone Cells

A

Bone cells are the different types of cells that compose bone tissue, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

54
Q

<h1>Page 17</h1>

<br></br>Bone Remodeling

A

Bone remodeling is the process of old bone being removed and new bone being formed, essential for maintaining bone strength and structure.

55
Q

<h1>Page 17</h1>

<br></br>Regulation of Bone Metabolism

A

Regulation of bone metabolism involves the balance of bone formation and resorption, which is influenced by various hormones and signaling pathways.

56
Q

<h1>Page 17</h1>

<br></br>Bone Strength

A

Bone strength refers to the ability of bones to resist fracture and is determined by bone density and quality.

57
Q

<h1>Page 17</h1>

<br></br>Osteoporosis & Osteopenia Epidemiology

A

Osteoporosis & osteopenia epidemiology involves the study of the distribution and determinants of osteoporosis and osteopenia within populations.

58
Q

<h1>Page 17</h1>

<br></br>Osteoporosis Classification

A

Osteoporosis classification categorizes the severity of osteoporosis based on bone mineral density and fracture risk.

59
Q

<h1>Page 17</h1>

<br></br>Osteoporosis Risk Factors

A

Osteoporosis risk factors include age, gender, genetics, hormonal status, nutrition, physical activity, and certain medications.

60
Q

<h1>Page 17</h1>

<br></br>Osteoporosis Diagnosis

A

Osteoporosis diagnosis involves assessing bone mineral density and fracture risk using imaging techniques such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and clinical assessment tools.

61
Q

<h1>Page 18</h1>

<br></br>Late menarche and/or early menopause

A

The late onset of menstruation or early onset of menopause, which are risk factors for post-menopausal osteoporosis.

62
Q

<h1>Page 18</h1>

<br></br>Low calcium intake

A

Reduced consumption of calcium, which is a risk factor for post-menopausal osteoporosis.

63
Q

<h1>Page 18</h1>

<br></br>Low vitamin D formation, intake or effect

A

Decreased production, intake, or effectiveness of vitamin D, which is a risk factor for post-menopausal osteoporosis.

64
Q

<h1>Page 18</h1>

<br></br>Lack of weight-bearing exercise

A

Insufficient engagement in weight-bearing exercise, which is a risk factor for post-menopausal osteoporosis.

65
Q

<h1>Page 18</h1>

<br></br>Underweight causing amenorrhea

A

Being underweight leading to the absence of menstruation, which is a risk factor for post-menopausal osteoporosis.

66
Q

<h1>Page 18</h1>

<br></br>Reduced peak bone mass

A

Decreased peak bone mass, which is a risk factor for post-menopausal osteoporosis.

67
Q

<h1>Page 20</h1>

<br></br>Osteoporosis

A

A medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

68
Q

<h1>Page 20</h1>

<br></br>Osteopenia

A

A condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal, but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis.

69
Q

<h1>Page 20</h1>

<br></br>BMD

A

Bone Mineral Density, a measure of the amount of minerals (such as calcium) in the bones, which indicates bone strength.

70
Q

<h1>Page 20</h1>

<br></br>Ethnicity

A

Refers to the categorization of people based on shared cultural heritage, often associated with specific genetic predispositions and health risks.

71
Q

<h1>Page 20</h1>

<br></br>Sedentary lifestyle

A

A way of living that involves little physical activity, often associated with increased risk of various health issues including osteoporosis.

72
Q

<h1>Page 20</h1>

<br></br>Malabsorption conditions

A

Medical conditions that interfere with the absorption of nutrients from the digestive system, potentially leading to deficiencies in calcium and vitamin D.

73
Q

<h1>Page 20</h1>

<br></br>Chronic Co-morbidities

A

Long-term simultaneous presence of two or more chronic diseases or conditions in a patient, such as rheumatoid arthritis and chronic renal failure, which can contribute to the development of osteoporosis.

74
Q

<h1>Page 20</h1>

<br></br>Osteomalacia

A

A softening of the bones, often caused by a vitamin D deficiency, leading to bone pain, muscle weakness, and an increased risk of fractures.

75
Q

<h1>Page 21</h1>

<br></br>Osteoclasts

A

Osteoclasts are cells that break down bone tissue by secreting acids and enzymes, allowing for the process of bone resorption.

76
Q

<h1>Page 21</h1>

<br></br>Osteoblasts

A

Osteoblasts are cells responsible for the formation of new bone through the process of bone deposition.

77
Q

<h1>Page 21</h1>

<br></br>Imbalance in bone formation & resorption

A

This refers to a disruption in the equilibrium between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts, leading to conditions such as osteoporosis.

78
Q

<h1>Page 21</h1>

<br></br>Diameter ↑, thinning of bone, loss of trabeculae

A

This describes the structural changes in bone associated with osteoporosis, including an increase in diameter, bone thinning, and loss of trabecular bone.

79
Q

<h1>Page 22</h1>

<br></br>Trabecular bone

A

Spongy bone tissue found at the ends of long bones, vertebrae, and in the pelvis. It is the first type of bone affected in osteoporosis.

80
Q

<h1>Page 22</h1>

<br></br>Cortical bone

A

The dense, hard outer layer of bone that forms the shafts of long bones. It is affected after trabecular bone in osteoporosis.

81
Q

<h1>Page 22</h1>

<br></br>Bone density

A

A measure of the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue. In osteoporosis, there is a decrease in bone density.

82
Q

<h1>Page 23</h1>

<br></br>Osteoporosis

A

A medical condition characterized by fragile and brittle bones, leading to an increased risk of fractures, especially in the hip, wrist, pelvis, spine, and ribs.

83
Q

<h1>Page 23</h1>

<br></br>Fractures in Osteoporosis

A

In osteoporosis, fractures occur due to the fragility and brittleness of bones, with a high proportion of trabecular bone, commonly affecting the hip, wrist, pelvis, spine, and ribs.

84
Q

<h1>Page 24</h1>

<br></br>Bone Mineral Density (BMD)

A

Measured by a dual-emission x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

85
Q

<h1>Page 24</h1>

<br></br>T score

A

A score of -2.5 or lower, indicating 2.5 standard deviations below the mean peak bone mass in young adults

86
Q

<h1>Page 25</h1>

<br></br>Osteoporosis

A

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that occurs when the body loses too much bone, makes too little bone, or both, leading to weakened bones and an increased risk of fractures.

87
Q

<h1>Page 26</h1>

<br></br>BMD

A

Bone Mineral Density (BMD) is a measure of the amount of minerals, such as calcium, in the bones, which indicates bone strength and the risk of fractures.

88
Q

<h1>Page 26</h1>

<br></br>T-score

A

The T-score is a comparison of an individual’s bone density to that of a healthy 30-year-old adult, used to diagnose osteoporosis and osteopenia.

89
Q

<h1>Page 26</h1>

<br></br>Z-score

A

The Z-score is a comparison of an individual’s bone density to that of an age, gender, and race-matched group, used to assess bone health in younger individuals.

90
Q

<h1>Page 27</h1>

<br></br>Calcium & vitamin D supplementation

A

The process of increasing the intake of calcium and vitamin D to support bone health and reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.

91
Q

<h1>Page 27</h1>

<br></br>Anti-resorptive agents: Bisphosphonates

A

Medications that inhibit the breakdown of bone, thereby reducing bone loss and the risk of fractures in osteoporosis.

92
Q

<h1>Page 27</h1>

<br></br>Selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)

A

Medications that mimic the beneficial effects of estrogen on bone density, helping to prevent bone loss and fractures in osteoporosis.

93
Q

<h1>Page 27</h1>

<br></br>Strontium ranelate

A

A medication that both increases bone formation and decreases bone resorption, thus improving bone density and reducing the risk of osteoporotic fractures.

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