NURSING 2005_Fracture Healing_1 Slide PP

Question 1

Front

Answer 1

Back

Question 2

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>What is the function of the skeleton related to protection?
A) Encloses internal organs
B) Supports muscle movement
C) Stores minerals for homeostasis
D) Produces blood cells
E) Stores fat for energy

Answer 2

A) Encloses internal organs
Explanation: The skeleton provides protection by enclosing internal organs, including those of the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and reproductive system, safeguarding them from external impact and injury.

Question 3

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>What is the role of the skeleton in supporting the body?
A) Encloses internal organs
B) Supports muscle movement
C) Stores minerals for homeostasis
D) Produces blood cells
E) Stores fat for energy

Answer 3

B) Supports muscle movement
Explanation: The skeleton provides a rigid structural framework that supports and anchors skeletal muscle, facilitating movement and locomotion.

Question 4

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Which function of the skeleton involves anchoring skeletal muscle?
A) Encloses internal organs
B) Supports muscle movement
C) Stores minerals for homeostasis
D) Produces blood cells
E) Stores fat for energy

Answer 4

B) Supports muscle movement
Explanation: The skeleton anchors skeletal muscle, enabling movement and providing the necessary support for muscle function.

Question 5

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>What is the function of the skeleton in relation to mineral storage?
A) Encloses internal organs
B) Supports muscle movement
C) Stores minerals for homeostasis
D) Produces blood cells
E) Stores fat for energy

Answer 5

C) Stores minerals for homeostasis
Explanation: The skeleton plays a role in mineral storage, contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis within the body.

Question 6

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Where does blood cell production occur in the skeleton?
A) Encloses internal organs
B) Supports muscle movement
C) Stores minerals for homeostasis
D) Produces blood cells
E) Stores fat for energy

Answer 6

D) Produces blood cells
Explanation: Red bone marrow within the skeleton is responsible for the production of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, essential for the body’s immune function and oxygen transport.

Question 7

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>What is the function of the yellow bone marrow in the skeleton?
A) Encloses internal organs
B) Supports muscle movement
C) Stores minerals for homeostasis
D) Produces blood cells
E) Stores fat for energy

Answer 7

E) Stores fat for energy
Explanation: The yellow bone marrow in the skeleton serves as a site for fat storage, contributing to energy reserves within the body.

Question 8

<h1>Page 02</h1>

<br></br>What is the primary function of the skeleton?
A) Energy storage
B) Blood cell production
C) Muscle anchoring
D) Protection of internal organs
E) Mineral storage

Answer 8

D) Protection of internal organs
Explanation: The primary function of the skeleton is to protect the body’s internal organs from injury and damage. The skeletal structure acts as a shield for vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and brain.

Question 9

<h1>Page 03</h1>

<br></br>What is the function of the skeleton in the human body?
A) Energy production
B) Blood cell production
C) Support and protection of internal organs
D) Muscle anchoring
E) Mineral storage

Answer 9

C) Support and protection of internal organs
Explanation: The skeleton provides structural support to the body and protects internal organs from injury, serving a crucial role in maintaining the body’s overall form and function.

Question 10

<h1>Page 04</h1>

<br></br>What enables movement at joints by pulling the bone?
A) Ligaments
B) Tendons
C) Cartilage
D) Muscles
E) Nerves

Answer 10

D) Muscles
Explanation: Muscles enable movement at joints by pulling the bone, as they are supported by skeletal muscles and their attachments to the skeleton. This function of the skeleton is crucial for facilitating bodily movement and physical activity.

Question 11

<h1>Page 04</h1>

<br></br>What is the primary function of the skeleton in relation to bodily functions?
A) Blood cell production
B) Energy storage
C) Maintaining posture
D) Protection of internal organs
E) Mineral storage

Answer 11

C) Maintaining posture
Explanation: The primary function of the skeleton is to maintain posture, which enables bodily functions and supports the body’s structure. This stability is essential for overall physical well-being.

Question 12

<h1>Page 04</h1>

<br></br>How does the skeleton support bodily movement?
A) By contracting and relaxing
B) By expanding and contracting
C) By providing cushioning
D) By enabling joint flexibility
E) By providing structural support

Answer 12

E) By providing structural support
Explanation: The skeleton supports bodily movement by providing structural support, which is essential for enabling movement at joints and facilitating physical activity. This function is crucial for overall stability and mobility.

Question 13

<h1>Page 05</h1>

<br></br>What are the two main components of bone material?
A) Organic and metallic
B) Inorganic and synthetic
C) Organic and inorganic
D) Fibrous and mineral
E) Synthetic and fibrous

Answer 13

C) Organic and inorganic
Explanation: Bone material is composed of organic substances, such as collagen fibers produced by the body, and inorganic substances, such as minerals like calcium and phosphorous obtained from the diet. This combination provides bone with its unique structural and functional properties.

Question 14

<h1>Page 05</h1>

<br></br>What are examples of organic substances produced by our body for bone formation?
A) Calcium and phosphorous
B) Collagen fibers and electrolytes
C) Minerals and protein
D) Electrolytes and muscle contraction
E) Collagen fibers and protein synthesis

Answer 14

E) Collagen fibers and protein synthesis
Explanation: Our body produces organic substances such as collagen fibers, which play a crucial role in bone formation and structure. Additionally, protein synthesis is an essential process for bone health and maintenance.

Question 15

<h1>Page 05</h1>

<br></br>What are examples of inorganic substances received from our diet for bone health?
A) Electrolytes and protein
B) Collagen fibers and minerals
C) Calcium and phosphorous
D) Protein synthesis and muscle contraction
E) Metallic and fibrous materials

Answer 15

C) Calcium and phosphorous
Explanation: Inorganic substances such as calcium and phosphorous, obtained from our diet, are essential for bone health and mineral storage. These minerals are utilized in various physiological and biochemical processes within the body.

Question 16

<h1>Page 05</h1>

<br></br>What physiological and biochemical processes utilize minerals in the body?
A) Signal transduction and neurotransmitter release
B) Protein synthesis and muscle contraction
C) Collagen fiber production and electrolyte balance
D) Metallic substance absorption and fibrous material synthesis
E) Bone formation and mineral excretion

Answer 16

A) Signal transduction and neurotransmitter release
Explanation: Minerals such as calcium ions and phosphorous are utilized in various physiological and biochemical processes within the body, including signal transduction, neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, and protein synthesis, among others.

Question 17

<h1>Page 05</h1>

<br></br>How do minerals obtained from the diet contribute to bone health?
A) By promoting collagen fiber production
B) By enhancing protein synthesis
C) By supporting muscle contraction
D) By participating in physiological and biochemical processes
E) By facilitating electrolyte balance

Answer 17

D) By participating in physiological and biochemical processes
Explanation: Minerals obtained from the diet, such as calcium and phosphorous, contribute to bone health by participating in various physiological and biochemical processes within the body, ensuring proper functioning and maintenance of the skeletal system.

Question 18

<h1>Page 06</h1>

<br></br>Where is red marrow primarily located in the body?
A) In the medullary cavity of long bones
B) In the spongy/trabecular bone
C) In the adipose tissue
D) In the muscle tissue
E) In the brain tissue

Answer 18

B) In the spongy/trabecular bone
Explanation: Red marrow, which contains a high number of haematopoietic stem cells for blood cell formation, is primarily located in the spongy or trabecular bone, playing a crucial role in the production of various blood cells.

Question 19

<h1>Page 06</h1>

<br></br>What type of cells are primarily found in yellow marrow?
A) Haematopoietic stem cells
B) Erythrocytes
C) Adipocytes (fat cells)
D) Neutrophils
E) Monocytes

Answer 19

C) Adipocytes (fat cells)
Explanation: Yellow marrow contains a high number of adipocytes, which are fat cells primarily responsible for energy and fat storage within the medullary cavity of long bones.

Question 20

<h1>Page 07</h1>

<br></br>What determines the architecture of a bone according to Wolff’s Law of Bone Remodelling?
A) Genetic factors
B) Nutritional intake
C) Mechanical stresses
D) Hormonal balance
E) Age-related changes

Answer 20

C) Mechanical stresses
Explanation: According to Wolff’s Law of Bone Remodelling, the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it, leading to bone adaptation to withstand those stresses. This principle highlights the influence of mechanical factors on bone structure.

Question 21

<h1>Page 07</h1>

<br></br>What is the collaborative process involved in bone remodelling according to Wolff’s Law?
A) Collaboration between muscles and tendons
B) Collaboration between ligaments and joints
C) Collaboration between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
D) Collaboration between nerves and blood vessels
E) Collaboration between cartilage and synovial fluid

Answer 21

C) Collaboration between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Explanation: Wolff’s Law of Bone Remodelling involves a collaborative process between osteoblasts and osteoclasts during the bone remodelling process, emphasizing the coordinated actions of these bone cells in response to mechanical stresses.

Question 22

<h1>Page 07</h1>

<br></br>What happens to bone formation when stress is increased over time according to Wolff’s Law?
A) Bone formation decreases
B) Bone formation remains the same
C) More bone will form
D) Bone resorption increases
E) Bone density decreases

Answer 22

C) More bone will form
Explanation: According to Wolff’s Law of Bone Remodelling, when stress is increased over time, more bone will form as a response to the heightened mechanical stresses, illustrating the adaptive nature of bone in relation to mechanical loading.

Question 23

<h1>Page 07</h1>

<br></br>What occurs when stress is decreased over time according to Wolff’s Law?
A) Bone formation increases
B) Bone formation remains the same
C) More bone is removed
D) Bone resorption decreases
E) Bone density increases

Answer 23

C) More bone is removed
Explanation: In accordance with Wolff’s Law of Bone Remodelling, when stress is decreased over time, more bone is removed, reflecting the adaptive process of bone remodelling in response to reduced mechanical stresses.

Question 24

<h1>Page 08</h1>

<br></br>What causes stress fractures in bones?
A) Genetic factors
B) Aging
C) Abnormal trauma
D) Lack of exercise
E) Poor nutrition

Answer 24

C) Abnormal trauma
Explanation: Stress fractures in bones are caused by abnormal trauma, such as falls, athletics, combat, vehicular accidents, and other forms of physical impact, leading to a break in the bone structure.

Question 25

<h1>Page 08</h1>

<br></br>Which of the following can lead to pathological fractures?
A) Regular exercise
B) Cancer
C) Healthy diet
D) Young age
E) Strong bones

Answer 25

B) Cancer
Explanation: Pathological fractures can occur due to weakened bone caused by diseases such as cancer, malnutrition, osteoporosis, and other conditions that compromise bone strength and integrity.

Question 26

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>How are fractures classified according to cause?
A) By color
B) By size
C) By texture
D) By stress or pathological
E) By shape

Answer 26

D) By stress or pathological
Explanation: Fractures can be classified according to cause, such as stress or pathological factors, which helps in understanding the underlying reasons for the occurrence of the fracture.

Question 27

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>What is one of the distinguishing features used to classify fractures?
A) Age of the individual
B) Gender of the individual
C) Direction of the wind
D) Location of bone ends
E) Type of clothing worn

Answer 27

D) Location of bone ends
Explanation: The location of bone ends is one of the distinguishing features used to classify fractures, providing valuable information about the nature and extent of the injury.

Question 28

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>How is the direction of the fracture line used in fracture classification?
A) To determine the time of injury
B) To identify the cause of the fracture
C) To assess the severity of the fracture
D) To classify the type of fracture
E) To predict the healing time

Answer 28

D) To classify the type of fracture
Explanation: The direction of the fracture line is used to classify the type of fracture, providing crucial information about the specific nature and characteristics of the injury.

Question 29

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>What distinguishes fractures based on whether the bone is cracked or broken into separate pieces?
A) The type of treatment required
B) The age of the individual
C) The gender of the individual
D) The severity of the pain
E) The nature of the injury

Answer 29

E) The nature of the injury
Explanation: Whether the bone is cracked or broken into separate pieces is a distinguishing feature used to classify fractures, providing critical insights into the nature and extent of the injury.

Question 30

<h1>Page 09</h1>

<br></br>What distinguishes fractures based on whether the skin is broken or not?
A) The type of dressing required
B) The type of medication needed
C) The type of surgery performed
D) The presence of infection
E) The presence of an open wound

Answer 30

E) The presence of an open wound
Explanation: Whether the skin is broken or not is a distinguishing feature used to classify fractures, providing important information about the presence of an open wound and the potential risk of infection.

Question 31

<h1>Page 10</h1>

<br></br>What is the characteristic of a linear fracture?
A) It is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
B) It spirals around the axis
C) It is parallel to the long axis of the bone
D) It is diagonal
E) It is a combination of linear and transverse fractures

Answer 31

C) It is parallel to the long axis of the bone
Explanation: A linear fracture is characterized by being parallel to the long axis of the bone, indicating a specific direction of the fracture line in relation to the bone’s structure.

Question 32

<h1>Page 10</h1>

<br></br>What defines a transverse fracture?
A) It is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
B) It spirals around the axis
C) It is parallel to the long axis of the bone
D) It is diagonal
E) It is a combination of linear and oblique fractures

Answer 32

A) It is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
Explanation: A transverse fracture is characterized by being perpendicular to the long axis of the bone, indicating a specific direction of the fracture line in relation to the bone’s structure.

Question 33

<h1>Page 10</h1>

<br></br>What is the defining feature of an oblique fracture?
A) It is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
B) It spirals around the axis
C) It is parallel to the long axis of the bone
D) It is diagonal
E) It is a combination of linear and transverse fractures

Answer 33

D) It is diagonal
Explanation: An oblique fracture is characterized by being diagonal, representing a specific direction of the fracture line that differs from linear and transverse fractures.

Question 34

<h1>Page 10</h1>

<br></br>What describes a spiral (torsion) fracture?
A) It is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
B) It spirals around the axis
C) It is parallel to the long axis of the bone
D) It is diagonal
E) It is a combination of linear and oblique fractures

Answer 34

B) It spirals around the axis
Explanation: A spiral (torsion) fracture is characterized by spiraling around the axis, indicating a unique pattern of fracture that differs from linear, transverse, and oblique fractures.

Question 35

<h1>Page 11</h1>

<br></br>What is a non-displaced fracture?
A) Bone ends at fracture site remain in contact
B) Bone ends at fracture site do not contact
C) One bone end is driven into the other
D) Broken portion forms a concavity
E) None of the above

Answer 35

A) Bone ends at fracture site remain in contact
Explanation: A non-displaced fracture refers to a fracture where the bone ends at the fracture site remain in contact, indicating that there is no separation or misalignment of the bone ends.

Question 36

<h1>Page 11</h1>

<br></br>What is an impacted fracture?
A) Bone ends at fracture site remain in contact
B) Bone ends at fracture site do not contact
C) One bone end is driven into the other
D) Broken portion forms a concavity
E) None of the above

Answer 36

C) One bone end is driven into the other
Explanation: An impacted fracture occurs when one bone end is driven into the other, such as into the marrow cavity or spongy bone, resulting in a specific type of fracture pattern.

Question 37

<h1>Page 11</h1>

<br></br>What is a depressed fracture?
A) Bone ends at fracture site remain in contact
B) Bone ends at fracture site do not contact
C) One bone end is driven into the other
D) Broken portion forms a concavity
E) None of the above

Answer 37

D) Broken portion forms a concavity
Explanation: A depressed fracture is characterized by the broken portion forming a concavity, as commonly seen in a skull fracture, representing a distinct type of fracture with specific anatomical features.

Question 38

<h1>Page 12</h1>

<br></br>What is a complete fracture?

Answer 38

A) Bone is broken into two pieces
Explanation: A complete fracture refers to a bone being broken into two pieces, indicating a clear separation of the bone into distinct parts. This classification helps in understanding the severity and treatment of the fracture.

Question 39

<h1>Page 12</h1>

<br></br>What is an incomplete fracture?

Answer 39

B) Partial fracture that extends only partway across bone (pieces remain joined)
Explanation: An incomplete fracture is characterized by a partial break in the bone that extends only partway across, with the pieces remaining joined. This distinction is important in assessing the stability and healing process of the fracture.

Question 40

<h1>Page 12</h1>

<br></br>What is a comminuted fracture?

Answer 40

C) Bone is broken into three or more pieces
Explanation: A comminuted fracture occurs when the bone is broken into three or more pieces, indicating a more complex and severe type of fracture. Understanding this classification is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment and recovery plan.

Question 41

<h1>Page 12</h1>

<br></br>What is a greenstick fracture?

Answer 41

D) Bone is bent on one side and has an incomplete fracture on the opposite side - reserved for children/growing bones
Explanation: A greenstick fracture involves the bone being bent on one side and having an incomplete fracture on the opposite side, a classification typically observed in children with growing bones. Recognizing this type of fracture is essential for providing specialized care and treatment for young patients.

Question 42

<h1>Page 12</h1>

<br></br>What is a hairline fracture?

Answer 42

E) Fine crack in bone where ends remain aligned
Explanation: A hairline fracture refers to a fine crack in the bone where the ends remain aligned. This type of fracture may be subtle but understanding its characteristics is important in diagnosing and managing the injury.

Question 43

<h1>Page 13</h1>

<br></br>What is a closed fracture also known as?
A) Simple fracture
B) Compound fracture
C) Greenstick fracture
D) Spiral fracture
E) Comminuted fracture

Answer 43

A) Simple fracture
Explanation: A closed fracture is also known as a simple fracture, where the bone does not break through the skin. This classification helps to differentiate it from open fractures, providing important information for medical treatment.

Question 44

<h1>Page 13</h1>

<br></br>What is an open fracture also known as?
A) Simple fracture
B) Compound fracture
C) Greenstick fracture
D) Spiral fracture
E) Comminuted fracture

Answer 44

B) Compound fracture
Explanation: An open fracture is also known as a compound fracture, where the bone breaks through the skin. This distinction is crucial in determining the severity of the fracture and guiding appropriate medical intervention.

Question 45

<h1>Page 14</h1>

<br></br>What is the aim of treating fractures?
A) To cause further damage
B) To prevent natural healing
C) To support the natural healing process
D) To induce infection
E) To delay the healing process

Answer 45

C) To support the natural healing process
Explanation: The primary aim of treating fractures is to support the natural healing process, which involves methods such as open or closed reduction, stabilization of the bone, and the application of casts to maintain a natural position during healing.

Question 46

<h1>Page 14</h1>

<br></br>In which type of injuries does open reduction occur?
A) Simple injuries
B) Complex injuries
C) Minor injuries
D) Chronic injuries
E) Superficial injuries

Answer 46

B) Complex injuries
Explanation: Open reduction occurs in complex injuries where surgical exposure of bone is necessary to apply plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments, highlighting its use in more severe fracture cases.

Question 47

<h1>Page 14</h1>

<br></br>What is closed reduction?
A) A surgical procedure
B) A non-invasive procedure
C) A procedure involving bone removal
D) A procedure involving bone replacement
E) A procedure involving bone fusion

Answer 47

B) A non-invasive procedure
Explanation: Closed reduction is a non-invasive procedure where bone fragments are manipulated back to their normal position without surgery, serving as a common method for setting most fractures.

Question 48

<h1>Page 14</h1>

<br></br>How long should an complicated fracture take to heal?
A) 4-6 weeks
B) 6-8 weeks
C) 8-10 weeks
D) 8-12 weeks
E) 12-14 weeks

Answer 48

D) 8-12 weeks
Explanation: An complicated fracture should take about 8 - 12 weeks to heal, indicating the typical duration for the healing process of more severe fractures.

Question 49

<h1>Page 15</h1>

<br></br>What is the first phase of fracture healing?
A) Formation of the soft callus
B) Conversion to the hard callus
C) Formation of a hematoma & granulation tissue
D) Remodelling
E) Inflammatory Phase

Answer 49

C) Formation of a hematoma & granulation tissue
Explanation: The first phase of fracture healing involves the formation of a hematoma and granulation tissue, which initiates the repair process by creating a foundation for subsequent healing stages.

Question 50

<h1>Page 15</h1>

<br></br>Which phase involves the formation of the hard callus?
A) Formation of the soft callus
B) Conversion to the hard callus
C) Formation of a hematoma & granulation tissue
D) Remodelling
E) Inflammatory Phase

Answer 50

B) Conversion to the hard callus
Explanation: The phase involving the formation of the hard callus is the ‘Conversion to the hard callus’ phase, signifying the progression of the healing process towards the development of a sturdy callus structure.

Question 51

<h1>Page 15</h1>

<br></br>What is the final phase of fracture healing?
A) Formation of the soft callus
B) Conversion to the hard callus
C) Formation of a hematoma & granulation tissue
D) Remodelling
E) Inflammatory Phase

Answer 51

D) Remodelling
Explanation: The final phase of fracture healing is the ‘Remodelling’ phase, which involves the restructuring and reshaping of the healed bone to restore its original form and strength.

Question 52

<h1>Page 15</h1>

<br></br>Which phase marks the Reactive/Inflammatory Phase of fracture healing?
A) Formation of the soft callus
B) Conversion to the hard callus
C) Formation of a hematoma & granulation tissue
D) Remodelling
E) Inflammatory Phase

Answer 52

E) Inflammatory Phase
Explanation: The Reactive/Inflammatory Phase of fracture healing is marked by the ‘Inflammatory Phase’, which is crucial for initiating the repair process and clearing the path for subsequent healing phases.

Question 53

<h1>Page 16</h1>

<br></br>What initiates the formation of a hematoma and granulation tissue during the reactive/inflammatory phase of fracture healing?
A) Fracture healing medication
B) Severing of blood vessels of bone and periosteum
C) Activation of the immune system
D) Formation of scar tissue
E) Introduction of external granulation agents

Answer 53

B) Severing of blood vessels of bone and periosteum
Explanation: The formation of a hematoma and granulation tissue during the reactive/inflammatory phase of fracture healing is initiated by the severing of blood vessels of bone and periosteum, leading to bleeding and the activation of haemostasis, which results in the formation of a blood clot.

Question 54

<h1>Page 16</h1>

<br></br>What is the result of the cellular invasion and activity during the reactive/inflammatory phase of fracture healing?
A) Formation of a blood clot
B) Conversion of the blood clot to granulation tissue
C) Activation of the immune system
D) Formation of scar tissue
E) Initiation of bone regeneration

Answer 54

B) Conversion of the blood clot to granulation tissue
Explanation: The cellular invasion and activity during the reactive/inflammatory phase of fracture healing result in the conversion of the blood clot to a soft fibrous mass called Granulation Tissue, marking an important step in the healing process.

Question 55

<h1>Page 17</h1>

<br></br>What is the role of fibroblasts in the formation of the soft callus?
A) Producing patches of fibrocartilage
B) Depositing collagen within the granulation tissue
C) Initiating the reactive/inflammatory phase
D) Strengthening the bone matrix
E) Secreting growth factors for bone healing

Answer 55

B) Depositing collagen within the granulation tissue
Explanation: Fibroblasts play a crucial role in the formation of the soft callus by depositing collagen within the granulation tissue, contributing to the strength and malleability of the tissue during the healing process.

Question 56

<h1>Page 17</h1>

<br></br>What do chondroblasts produce during the formation of the soft callus?
A) Granulation tissue
B) Fibrocartilage patches
C) Collagen matrix
D) Osteoblasts
E) Bone marrow

Answer 56

B) Fibrocartilage patches
Explanation: Chondroblasts are responsible for producing patches of fibrocartilage during the formation of the soft callus, contributing to the initial stabilization and malleability of the healing tissue.

Question 57

<h1>Page 17</h1>

<br></br>What makes the granulation tissue stronger but still malleable during the formation of the soft callus?
A) Deposition of calcium salts
B) Infiltration of white blood cells
C) Production of new blood vessels
D) Deposition of collagen and fibrocartilage
E) Activation of osteoclasts

Answer 57

D) Deposition of collagen and fibrocartilage
Explanation: The deposition of collagen and fibrocartilage within the granulation tissue contributes to its increased strength while maintaining malleability during the formation of the soft callus, facilitating the initial healing process of the fracture.

Question 58

<h1>Page 17</h1>

<br></br>What is the soft callus referred to as after the reactive/inflammatory phase?
A) Granulation tissue
B) Osteoblast matrix
C) Fibrocartilage network
D) Chondroblastic tissue
E) Reactive callus

Answer 58

A) Granulation tissue
Explanation: The soft callus, formed during the reactive/inflammatory phase, is referred to as granulation tissue, which signifies the initial stage of the healing process following a fracture.

Question 59

<h1>Page 18</h1>

<br></br>What occurs during the conversion to the hard callus in the healing of fractures?
A) Osteoclasts enter the soft callus and produce bone material
B) Fibroblasts enter the soft callus and produce bone material
C) Osteoblasts enter the soft callus and produce bone material
D) Chondrocytes enter the soft callus and produce bone material
E) Macrophages enter the soft callus and produce bone material

Answer 59

C) Osteoblasts enter the soft callus and produce bone material
Explanation: During the conversion to the hard callus, osteoblasts enter the soft callus and produce bone material, forming a collar or ring around the fracture site. This process is crucial for the formation of the hard callus, which acts as a temporary splint to join the broken ends or fragments.

Question 60

<h1>Page 18</h1>

<br></br>What is the function of the hard callus in the healing of fractures?
A) It acts as a permanent splint
B) It provides nutrients to the surrounding tissues
C) It prevents the formation of new bone material
D) It acts as a temporary splint to join the broken ends or fragments
E) It promotes re-injury and malalignment

Answer 60

D) It acts as a temporary splint to join the broken ends or fragments
Explanation: The hard callus is essential in the healing process of fractures as it is cemented to the dead bone around the fracture site and acts as a temporary splint to join the broken ends or fragments. This immobilization is crucial to prevent re-injury or malalignment of the healing bone.

Question 61

<h1>Page 19</h1>

<br></br>How long does the hard callus persist during the remodelling phase of fracture healing?
A) 1-2 weeks
B) 2-3 months
C) 3-4 months
D) 5-6 months
E) 7-8 months

Answer 61

C) 3-4 months
Explanation: The hard callus persists for 3-4 months during the remodelling phase of fracture healing, indicating the duration of this specific stage in the overall healing process.

Question 62

<h1>Page 19</h1>

<br></br>What is the role of osteoclasts during the remodelling phase of fracture healing?
A) Deposit spongy bone
B) Enhance bone strength
C) Dissolve small bone fragments
D) Bridge the gap between broken ends
E) Convert spongy bone to compact bone

Answer 62

C) Dissolve small bone fragments
Explanation: Osteoclasts dissolve small fragments of bone during the remodelling phase of fracture healing, contributing to the process of restructuring and repair.

Question 63

<h1>Page 19</h1>

<br></br>What do osteoblasts do during the remodelling phase of fracture healing?
A) Deposit spongy bone
B) Enhance bone strength
C) Dissolve small bone fragments
D) Bridge the gap between broken ends
E) Convert spongy bone to compact bone

Answer 63

A) Deposit spongy bone
Explanation: Osteoblasts deposit spongy bone to bridge the gap between broken ends during the remodelling phase of fracture healing, playing a crucial role in the formation and repair of bone tissue.

Question 64

<h1>Page 19</h1>

<br></br>How is the strength of spongy bone enhanced during the remodelling phase of fracture healing?
A) By depositing compact bone
B) By dissolving small bone fragments
C) By bridging the gap between broken ends
D) By converting to osteoclasts
E) By removing all signs of fracture

Answer 64

A) By depositing compact bone
Explanation: The strength of spongy bone is enhanced by depositing compact bone during the remodelling phase of fracture healing, indicating the process through which the bone’s structural integrity is reinforced.

Question 65

<h1>Page 19</h1>

<br></br>What is the outcome of the remodelling process during fracture healing?
A) Formation of hard callus
B) Dissolution of spongy bone
C) Bridging the gap between broken ends
D) Conversion of compact bone to spongy bone
E) Removal of all signs of fracture

Answer 65

E) Removal of all signs of fracture
Explanation: The remodelling process during fracture healing can remove all signs of fracture, indicating the comprehensive nature of the bone repair and restructuring that occurs during this phase.

Question 66

<h1>Page 20</h1>

<br></br>What factor influences the healing process of a fracture the most?
A) Severity of the fracture
B) Type of fracture
C) Age of the patient
D) Location of the fracture
E) Time of year

Answer 66

A) Severity of the fracture
Explanation: The severity of the fracture plays a significant role in influencing the healing process. A closed, non-displaced, linear fracture is more likely to heal efficiently compared to an open, displaced, comminuted, oblique fracture, highlighting the impact of severity on bone healing.

Question 67

<h1>Page 20</h1>

<br></br>What can reduce the quality and efficiency of the bone healing process?
A) Immobility of the limb
B) Movement of bone ends
C) Stabilisation techniques
D) Infection spread
E) Bone density

Answer 67

B) Movement of bone ends
Explanation: The movement of bone ends can reduce the quality and efficiency of the bone healing process. This emphasizes the importance of maintaining stability and alignment to facilitate effective healing.

Question 68

<h1>Page 20</h1>

<br></br>What is a high risk factor for infection in fractures?
A) Age of the patient
B) Type of fracture
C) Location of the fracture
D) Immobility of the limb
E) Exposure to external environment

Answer 68

E) Exposure to external environment
Explanation: Open fractures pose a high risk of infection due to exposure to the external environment. This increases the likelihood of infection, particularly osteomyelitis, and the spread of infection to other tissues.

Question 69

<h1>Page 20</h1>

<br></br>Which type of fracture is more likely to heal efficiently?
A) Open, displaced, comminuted, oblique fracture
B) Closed, non-displaced, linear fracture
C) Greenstick fracture
D) Pathological fracture
E) Stress fracture

Answer 69

B) Closed, non-displaced, linear fracture
Explanation: A closed, non-displaced, linear fracture is more likely to heal efficiently compared to an open, displaced, comminuted, oblique fracture, highlighting the influence of fracture type on the healing process.

Question 70

<h1>Page 20</h1>

<br></br>What are examples of bone fracture stabilisation techniques?
A) Physical therapy and massage
B) Traction device and rods
C) Medication and rest
D) Heat therapy and acupuncture
E) Surgery and chemotherapy

Answer 70

B) Traction device and rods
Explanation: Stabilisation techniques for bone fractures include the use of casts, traction devices, rods, plates, and screws. These methods help maintain alignment and stability at the fracture site, facilitating effective healing.

Question 71

<h1>Page 21</h1>

<br></br>Which of the following bodily functions can reduce bone healing quality and efficiency?
A) Digestive System
B) Immune System
C) Respiratory System
D) Endocrine System
E) Circulatory System

Answer 71

B) Immune System
Explanation: Conditions that affect the immune system can reduce bone healing quality and efficiency. This highlights the significant impact of immune system health on the body’s ability to heal bones.

Question 72

<h1>Page 21</h1>

<br></br>Which factor can negatively impact bone healing?
A) Regular exercise
B) Young age
C) Sedentary lifestyle
D) Balanced diet
E) Adequate sleep

Answer 72

C) Sedentary lifestyle
Explanation: A sedentary lifestyle can negatively impact bone healing, emphasizing the importance of physical activity and movement in the healing process.

Question 73

<h1>Page 21</h1>

<br></br>What can affect bone healing quality and efficiency?
A) Social life
B) Age
C) Hair color
D) Eye sight
E) Taste buds

Answer 73

B) Age
Explanation: Age can significantly affect bone healing quality and efficiency, indicating the influence of age-related factors on the body’s ability to heal bones.

Question 74

<h1>Page 21</h1>

<br></br>Which of the following can hinder bone healing?
A) Proper nutrition
B) Regular medication
C) Chemotherapy
D) Physical therapy
E) Meditation

Answer 74

C) Chemotherapy
Explanation: Chemotherapy can hinder bone healing, underscoring the impact of medical treatments on the body’s ability to heal bones.

Question 75

<h1>Page 21</h1>

<br></br>What lifestyle factor can reduce bone healing quality and efficiency?
A) Healthy diet
B) Active lifestyle
C) Sedentary lifestyle
D) Stress management
E) Regular check-ups

Answer 75

C) Sedentary lifestyle
Explanation: A sedentary lifestyle can reduce bone healing quality and efficiency, highlighting the negative impact of physical inactivity on the body’s ability to heal bones.