NURSING 2005_Heart Failure_1 Slide PP Flashcards

Question 1

Q

<br></br>What is the function of the superior vena cava in the heart?
A) Supplies oxygenated blood to the body
B) Drains into the left atrium
C) Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head, neck and arms
D) Carries deoxygenated blood to the left and right lungs
E) Arises from right ventricle

Answer

A

C) Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head, neck and arms
Explanation: The superior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head, neck, and arms, and drains into the right atrium, playing a crucial role in the circulatory system.

Question 2

Q

<br></br>Where does the inferior vena cava return deoxygenated blood to the heart from?
A) The head, neck and arms
B) The left and right lungs
C) The rest of the body
D) The left ventricle
E) The right atrium

Answer

A

C) The rest of the body
Explanation: The inferior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the rest of the body, draining into the right atrium, and is a key component of the cardiovascular system.

Question 3

Q

<br></br>From which ventricle does the pulmonary trunk/artery arise?
A) Left ventricle
B) Right atrium
C) Right ventricle
D) Left atrium
E) Superior vena cava

Answer

A

C) Right ventricle
Explanation: The pulmonary trunk/artery arises from the right ventricle and branches into left and right pulmonary arteries, carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs, contributing to the pulmonary circulation.

Question 4

Q

<br></br>What is the function of the pulmonary veins in the heart?
A) Drains into the right atrium
B) Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head, neck and arms
C) Supplies oxygenated blood to the body
D) Delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
E) Arises from left ventricle

Answer

A

D) Delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Explanation: The pulmonary veins deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, draining into the left atrium, and are essential for the systemic circulation.

Question 5

Q

<br></br>Where does the aorta arise from in the heart?
A) Right atrium
B) Left ventricle
C) Right ventricle
D) Left atrium
E) Inferior vena cava

Answer

A

B) Left ventricle
Explanation: The aorta arises from the left ventricle and supplies oxygenated blood to the body, playing a critical role in systemic circulation and overall cardiovascular function.

Question 6

Q

<br></br>Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the inferior and superior vena cava?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery

Answer

A

B) Right atrium
Explanation: The right atrium of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the inferior and superior vena cava, playing a crucial role in the circulation of blood through the heart’s chambers.

Question 7

Q

<br></br>Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the right ventricle?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery

Answer

A

B) Right atrium
Explanation: The right atrium pumps blood to the right ventricle, facilitating the flow of deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary circulation.

Question 8

Q

<br></br>Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery

Answer

A

A) Left atrium
Explanation: The left atrium of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, marking the beginning of the systemic circulation within the heart.

Question 9

Q

<br></br>Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the aorta?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery

Answer

A

C) Left ventricle
Explanation: The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta, supplying oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation and playing a vital role in the heart’s overall function.

Question 10

Q

<br></br>Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary artery?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery

Answer

A

D) Right ventricle
Explanation: The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery, directing deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, a critical step in the pulmonary circulation.

Question 11

Q

<br></br>What is the function of specialised heart valves?
A) To regulate body temperature
B) To control the direction of blood flow
C) To produce red blood cells
D) To store excess blood
E) To generate electrical impulses

Answer

A

B) To control the direction of blood flow
Explanation: Specialised heart valves are responsible for controlling the direction of blood flow within the heart, ensuring that blood moves through the chambers in the correct sequence and does not flow backwards, thus facilitating efficient circulation.

Question 12

Q

<br></br>Which valve allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle?
A) Aortic valve
B) Pulmonary valve
C) Mitral valve
D) Tricuspid valve
E) Bicuspid valve

Answer

A

D) Tricuspid valve
Explanation: The tricuspid valve is responsible for allowing blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle, playing a crucial role in the directional flow of blood within the heart.

Question 13

Q

<br></br>Through which valve does blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta?
A) Pulmonary valve
B) Tricuspid valve
C) Mitral valve
D) Bicuspid valve
E) Aortic valve

Answer

A

E) Aortic valve
Explanation: The aortic valve permits blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta, ensuring that oxygenated blood is efficiently pumped out to the body’s systemic circulation.

Question 14

Q

<br></br>What is the purpose of the pulmonary valve?
A) To allow blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle
B) To control the direction of blood flow
C) To allow blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
D) To allow blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
E) To allow blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta

Answer

A

D) To allow blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
Explanation: The pulmonary valve is responsible for permitting blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, ensuring that deoxygenated blood is directed to the lungs for oxygenation.

Question 15

Q

<br></br>Which valve allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
A) Aortic valve
B) Pulmonary valve
C) Mitral valve
D) Tricuspid valve
E) Bicuspid valve

Answer

A

C) Mitral valve
Explanation: The mitral valve allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, playing a crucial role in ensuring the unidirectional flow of oxygenated blood within the heart.

Question 16

Q

<br></br>What happens during the first stage of the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) Atria relax
E) Atria pressure increases

Answer

A

C) Atria relaxed
Explanation: During the first stage of the cardiac cycle, the atria are relaxed, allowing for passive filling and the opening of the AV valves to facilitate the flow of blood into the relaxed ventricles.

Question 17

Q

<br></br>What occurs when the ventricle pressure becomes greater than arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) SL valves open
E) Atria pressure increases

Answer

A

D) SL valves open
Explanation: When the ventricle pressure exceeds arterial pressure, the semilunar (SL) valves open, allowing blood to flow into the arteries, marking an important phase in the cardiac cycle.

Question 18

Q

<br></br>What is the action of the atria during the third stage of the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) Atria relax
E) Atria pressure decreases

Answer

A

D) Atria relax
Explanation: During the third stage of the cardiac cycle, the atria relax, leading to a decrease in atrial pressure and the closure of the AV valves, preparing for the next phase of the cycle.

Question 19

Q

<br></br>What occurs when the atria contract during the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) Atria relax
E) Atrial pressure increases

Answer

A

A) Atria contract
Explanation: When the atria contract, there is an increase in atrial pressure, leading to the opening of the AV valves and the flow of blood into the relaxed ventricles, contributing to the filling of the ventricles.

Question 20

Q

<br></br>What is the result of ventricular contraction during the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) Atria relax
E) ESV

Answer

A

B) Ventricles contract
Explanation: Ventricular contraction leads to the opening of the SL valves and the ejection of blood into the arteries, marking an essential phase in the cardiac cycle and contributing to the ejection of the stroke volume.

Question 21

Q

<br></br>What is preload in relation to the heart?
A) The amount of blood the ventricles contain after contraction
B) The pressure in the atria during diastole
C) The amount of blood the ventricles contain before they contract
D) The resistance the ventricles must overcome to eject blood
E) The volume of blood in the pulmonary artery

Answer

A

C) The amount of blood the ventricles contain before they contract
Explanation: Preload refers to the amount of blood present in the ventricles before they contract, also known as end diastolic volume (EDV). It is influenced by factors such as venous return, filling time, and the contraction of the atria, and plays a crucial role in determining the amount of blood that can be pumped out of the heart.

Question 22

Q

<br></br>What influences myocardial stretch?
A) Blood pressure
B) Oxygen levels in the blood
C) Venous return
D) Heart rate
E) Blood glucose levels

Answer

A

C) Venous return
Explanation: Myocardial stretch is influenced by factors such as venous return, filling time, and the contraction of the atria. These factors determine how stretched the heart is before it contracts and subsequently affect the preload, or end diastolic volume (EDV), of the ventricles.

Question 23

Q

<br></br>What happens when more blood enters the ventricles?
A) The heart rate decreases
B) The ventricles contract less forcefully
C) The heart becomes less compliant
D) More blood can be pumped out
E) The afterload increases

Answer

A

D) More blood can be pumped out
Explanation: When more blood enters the ventricles, the preload or end diastolic volume (EDV) increases, allowing for a greater volume of blood to be pumped out during contraction. This relationship between preload and stroke volume is a key aspect of myocardial stretch and cardiac function.

Question 24

Q

<br></br>What is afterload in relation to the heart’s function?
A) The pressure in the atria
B) The pressure in the ventricles
C) The force the ventricle has to overcome to pump blood out of the heart
D) The resistance in the pulmonary artery
E) The volume of blood in the ventricle

Answer

A

C) The force the ventricle has to overcome to pump blood out of the heart
Explanation: Afterload refers to the force that the ventricle must overcome to eject blood out of the heart, and it is influenced by factors such as the pressure in the aorta, hypertension, and vasoconstriction.

Question 25

Q

<br></br>What happens if there is higher pressure in the aorta in relation to afterload?
A) The afterload decreases
B) The afterload increases
C) The ventricle requires less force to pump blood
D) The ventricle requires more force to pump blood
E) The ventricle pumps less blood

Answer

A

D) The ventricle requires more force to pump blood
Explanation: When there is higher pressure in the aorta, the ventricle needs to overcome more pressure, resulting in more blood being left over in the ventricle after it contracts, thereby increasing the afterload.

Question 26

Q

<br></br>What influences afterload in the heart?
A) Blood volume
B) Heart rate
C) Pressure in the atria
D) Pressure in the aorta
E) Oxygen saturation

Answer

A

D) Pressure in the aorta
Explanation: Afterload is influenced by factors such as the pressure in the aorta, hypertension, and vasoconstriction, which impact the resistance the ventricle faces in ejecting blood from the heart.

Question 27

Q

<br></br>How does hypertension affect afterload?
A) It decreases afterload
B) It has no effect on afterload
C) It increases afterload
D) It reduces the pressure in the aorta
E) It decreases the resistance in the pulmonary artery

Answer

A

C) It increases afterload
Explanation: Hypertension increases afterload by elevating the pressure in the aorta, which in turn requires the ventricle to overcome higher pressure to eject blood, leading to an increase in afterload.

Question 28

Q

<br></br>What is the impact of vasoconstriction on afterload?
A) It decreases afterload
B) It has no effect on afterload
C) It increases afterload
D) It reduces the pressure in the aorta
E) It decreases the resistance in the pulmonary artery

Answer

A

C) It increases afterload
Explanation: Vasoconstriction increases afterload by raising the resistance in the systemic circulation, thereby requiring the ventricle to exert more force to pump blood out of the heart.

Question 29

Q

<br></br>What is the formula for stroke volume (SV)?
A) SV = EDV + ESV
B) SV = EDV - ESV
C) SV = EDV * ESV
D) SV = EDV / ESV
E) SV = ESV - EDV

Answer

A

B) SV = EDV - ESV
Explanation: The formula for stroke volume is SV = EDV - ESV, representing the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles with each heartbeat. This equation is essential in understanding the cardiac cycle and the efficiency of the heart’s pumping action.

Question 30

Q

<br></br>What influences the end diastolic volume (EDV)?
A) Venous return
B) Heart rate
C) Blood pressure
D) Lung capacity
E) Body temperature

Answer

A

A) Venous return
Explanation: The end diastolic volume (EDV) is influenced by factors such as venous return, filling time, and stretch in the ventricles (preload), which collectively contribute to the amount of blood in the ventricles before contraction, thereby impacting stroke volume.

Question 31

Q

<br></br>What is the end systolic volume (ESV)?
A) Volume of blood in the ventricles before contraction
B) Volume of blood in the ventricles after contraction
C) Volume of blood in the atria before contraction
D) Volume of blood in the atria after contraction
E) Volume of blood in the aorta after contraction

Answer

A

B) Volume of blood in the ventricles after it’s contracted
Explanation: The end systolic volume (ESV) represents the volume of blood in the ventricles after contraction, and it is influenced by factors such as contractility and the tension the ventricle has to overcome (afterload), which impact stroke volume.

Question 32

Q

<br></br>How does an increase in contractility affect stroke volume?
A) Increases ESV
B) Decreases ESV
C) Increases EDV
D) Decreases EDV
E) No effect on ESV or EDV

Answer

A

B) Decreases ESV
Explanation: An increase in contractility leads to a decrease in end systolic volume (ESV), which in turn increases stroke volume. This relationship highlights the influence of contractility on the efficiency of the heart’s pumping action.

Question 33

Q

<br></br>Which part of the autonomic nervous system influences heart rate and contractility?
A) Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
B) Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
C) Central nervous system (CNS)
D) Enteric nervous system (ENS)
E) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer

A

A) Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Explanation: The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) influences both heart rate and contractility, demonstrating its role in regulating the cardiac cycle and the efficiency of the heart’s pumping action.

Question 34

Q

<br></br>What determines cardiac output?
A) Heart rate (HR) only
B) Stroke volume (SV) only
C) Both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)
D) Venous return (VR) only
E) Blood pressure only

Answer

A

C) Both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)
Explanation: Cardiac output is determined by both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV), meaning that an increase in either or both factors will result in an increase in cardiac output.

Question 35

Q

<br></br>How can cardiac output be increased?
A) By decreasing stroke volume (SV)
B) By decreasing heart rate (HR)
C) By decreasing both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)
D) By increasing venous return (VR)
E) By increasing both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)

Answer

A

E) By increasing both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)
Explanation: Cardiac output can be increased by increasing both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV), which leads to a greater amount of blood being ejected from the ventricle per minute.

Question 36

Q

<br></br>What happens if venous return (VR) is reduced?
A) Cardiac output remains the same
B) Cardiac output decreases
C) Cardiac output increases
D) Stroke volume (SV) decreases
E) Heart rate (HR) decreases

Answer

A

B) Cardiac output decreases
Explanation: If venous return (VR) is reduced, less blood is pumped out, resulting in a decrease in cardiac output unless compensatory mechanisms are activated.

Question 37

Q

<br></br>What is the cardiac output during vigorous exercise for a fit person?
A) 10 L/min
B) 15 L/min
C) 20 L/min
D) 22 L/min
E) 25 L/min

Answer

A

D) 22 L/min
Explanation: During vigorous exercise, the cardiac output for a fit person can reach 22 L/min, indicating the amount of blood ejected from one ventricle per minute during this level of physical activity.

Question 38

Q

<br></br>What is the maximum cardiac output during vigorous exercise for a world-class athlete?
A) 25 L/min
B) 30 L/min
C) 35 L/min
D) 40 L/min
E) 45 L/min

Answer

A

C) 35 L/min
Explanation: A world-class athlete can achieve a maximum cardiac output of up to 35 L/min during vigorous exercise, which is attributed to a larger stroke volume (SV) and reflects the exceptional cardiovascular capacity of elite athletes.

Question 39

Q

<br></br>What is the primary issue in heart failure?
A) Excessive oxygenation of blood
B) Inadequate blood volume
C) Insufficient pumping of oxygenated blood
D) Overactive heart muscles
E) Lack of blood flow to the lungs

Answer

A

C) Insufficient pumping of oxygenated blood
Explanation: Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough oxygenated blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body. This results in a decreased cardiac output and can lead to various symptoms and complications.

Question 40

Q

<br></br>What distinguishes systolic heart failure?
A) Impaired contraction
B) Impaired relaxation
C) Excessive muscle strength
D) Increased inotropy
E) Reduced blood volume

Answer

A

A) Impaired contraction
Explanation: Systolic heart failure is characterized by impaired contraction of the heart muscle, leading to the heart being too weak to effectively pump blood out with enough force. This results in reduced contractility and contributes to the overall condition of heart failure.

Question 41

Q

<br></br>What is the main issue in diastolic heart failure?
A) Impaired contraction
B) Impaired relaxation
C) Excessive muscle strength
D) Increased inotropy
E) Reduced blood volume

Answer

A

B) Impaired relaxation
Explanation: Diastolic heart failure is characterized by impaired relaxation of the heart muscle, causing the muscles to be too stiff to properly relax and fill with blood. This results in decreased filling of the heart chambers and contributes to the overall condition of heart failure.

Question 42

Q

<br></br>What term describes reduced contractility in heart failure?
A) Reduced inotropy
B) Increased chronotropy
C) Enhanced lusitropy
D) Elevated dromotropy
E) Augmented bathmotropy

Answer

A

A) Reduced inotropy
Explanation: Reduced contractility in heart failure is referred to as reduced inotropy, which signifies the heart’s decreased ability to contract effectively and pump blood. This contributes to the overall impairment in heart function seen in heart failure.

Question 43

Q

<br></br>What happens to the heart muscles in diastolic heart failure?
A) They become too weak
B) They become too stiff
C) They become overactive
D) They relax excessively
E) They increase in size

Answer

A

B) They become too stiff
Explanation: In diastolic heart failure, the heart muscles become too stiff to properly relax and fill with blood. This stiffness impairs the heart’s ability to effectively pump blood, contributing to the overall condition of heart failure.

Question 44

Q

<br></br>What is a potential cause of heart failure that is unique to each individual?
A) Hypertension
B) Myocardial infarction
C) Atrial fibrillation
D) Valvular heart disease
E) Inherited cardiomyopathy

Answer

A

B) Myocardial infarction
Explanation: Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, can lead to damage of the heart muscle, making it a potential cause of heart failure that is unique to each individual.

Question 45

Q

<br></br>Which of the following is listed as a risk factor for heart failure?
A) Excessive alcohol consumption
B) Regular exercise
C) Low sodium diet
D) Meditation
E) Vegetarian diet

Answer

A

A) Excessive alcohol consumption
Explanation: Excessive alcohol consumption is identified as a risk factor for heart failure, highlighting the potential impact of lifestyle choices on heart health.

Question 46

Q

<br></br>What is a potential cause of heart failure related to heart rhythm?
A) Hypertension
B) Myocardial infarction
C) Atrial fibrillation
D) Valvular heart disease
E) Inherited cardiomyopathy

Answer

A

C) Atrial fibrillation
Explanation: Atrial fibrillation, a condition related to irregular heart rhythm, is listed as a potential cause of heart failure, emphasizing the impact of cardiac arrhythmias on heart function.

Question 47

Q

<br></br>Which condition is NOT listed as a potential cause of heart failure?
A) Kidney dysfunction
B) Excessive alcohol consumption
C) Inherited cardiomyopathy
D) Regular exercise
E) Valvular heart disease

Answer

A

D) Regular exercise
Explanation: Regular exercise is not listed as a potential cause of heart failure, highlighting the importance of physical activity in maintaining heart health.

Question 48

Q

<br></br>What is a potential cause of heart failure related to heart valve function?
A) Hypertension
B) Myocardial infarction
C) Atrial fibrillation
D) Valvular heart disease
E) Inherited cardiomyopathy

Answer

A

D) Valvular heart disease
Explanation: Valvular heart disease is identified as a potential cause of heart failure, emphasizing the impact of heart valve function on overall cardiac health.

Question 49

Q

<br></br>What does ejection fraction (EF) measure?
A) The amount of blood in the ventricle
B) The percentage of blood pumped out with ventricular contraction
C) The heart rate
D) The volume of blood in the atria
E) The amount of oxygen in the blood

Answer

A

B) The percentage of blood pumped out with ventricular contraction
Explanation: Ejection fraction (EF) measures the percentage of blood that is pumped out of the ventricle with each contraction, providing insight into the heart’s efficiency in pumping blood.

Question 50

Q

<br></br>What is the normal range for ejection fraction (EF)?
A) 40-55%
B) 70-85%
C) 90-100%
D) 10-25%
E) 55-70%

Answer

A

E) 55-70%
Explanation: The normal range for ejection fraction (EF) is approximately 55-70%, indicating the percentage of blood pumped out with each ventricular contraction. This range serves as a benchmark for assessing heart function.

Question 51

Q

<br></br>How is ejection fraction (EF) calculated?
A) EF = (EDV - ESV)
B) EF = (SV / EDV) x 100
C) EF = (ESV / EDV) x 100
D) EF = (SV + EDV) x 100
E) EF = (SV - EDV) x 100

Answer

A

B) EF = (SV / EDV) x 100
Explanation: Ejection fraction (EF) is calculated by dividing stroke volume (SV) by end-diastolic volume (EDV) and multiplying by 100, providing a percentage that represents the proportion of blood pumped out with each ventricular contraction.

Question 52

Q

<br></br>What does stroke volume (SV) measure?
A) The heart rate
B) The percentage of blood pumped out with ventricular contraction
C) The amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat
D) The amount of blood in the ventricle
E) The volume of blood in the atria

Answer

A

C) The amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat
Explanation: Stroke volume (SV) measures the amount of blood that the heart pumps with each beat, providing insight into the heart’s efficiency in circulating blood throughout the body.

Question 53

Q

<br></br>How is stroke volume (SV) calculated?
A) SV = EDV - ESV
B) SV = EF x EDV
C) SV = ESV / EF
D) SV = EDV + ESV
E) SV = EF / EDV

Answer

A

A) SV = EDV - ESV
Explanation: Stroke volume (SV) is calculated by subtracting end-systolic volume (ESV) from end-diastolic volume (EDV), representing the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.

Question 54

Q

<br></br>What is the defining characteristic of systolic heart failure?
A) EF greater than 50%
B) Less blood pumped out
C) Thickening of the heart wall
D) No impaired filling
E) Heart is strong and pumps blood effectively

Answer

A

B) Less blood pumped out
Explanation: Systolic heart failure is characterized by reduced ejection fraction (EF less than 40%) and the inability to effectively pump out the blood that has filled the ventricles, resulting in decreased cardiac output and circulation.

Question 55

Q

<br></br>What distinguishes diastolic heart failure from systolic heart failure?
A) EF less than 40%
B) No less blood pumped out
C) Weakness of the heart
D) Thickening of the heart wall
E) Reduced ejection fraction

Answer

A

D) Thickening of the heart wall
Explanation: Diastolic heart failure, characterized by preserved ejection fraction (EF greater than 50%), is distinguished by the thickening of the heart wall and impaired filling, leading to a reduction in the heart’s ability to relax and fill with blood during the diastolic phase.

Question 56

Q

<br></br>What is the ejection fraction (EF) value associated with systolic heart failure?
A) EF greater than 50%
B) Less than 40%
C) 50%
D) 60%
E) 70%

Answer

A

B) Less than 40%
Explanation: Systolic heart failure is characterized by an ejection fraction (EF) value of less than 40%, indicating the reduced ability of the heart to effectively pump out blood from the ventricles during systole.

Question 57

Q

<br></br>What is the primary issue in diastolic heart failure?
A) Weakness of the heart
B) Reduced ejection fraction
C) Thickening of the heart wall
D) Impaired filling
E) Less blood pumped out

Answer

A

D) Impaired filling
Explanation: Diastolic heart failure is primarily characterized by impaired filling, as the thickened heart wall hinders the heart’s ability to relax and adequately fill with blood during the diastolic phase, leading to reduced cardiac output.

Question 58

Q

<br></br>What is the primary function of the right side of the heart?
A) Pump blood to the lungs
B) Pump blood to the body
C) Pump blood to the brain
D) Pump blood to the kidneys
E) Pump blood to the liver

Answer

A

A) Pump blood to the lungs
Explanation: The right side of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs, facilitating pulmonary circulation and the exchange of gases, making choice A the correct answer.

Question 59

Q

<br></br>What is the consequence of left ventricular failure on the right ventricle?
A) Decreased workload
B) No effect on the right ventricle
C) Increased workload
D) Right ventricular failure
E) Right ventricular hypertrophy

Answer

A

C) Increased workload
Explanation: Left ventricular failure increases the workload of the right ventricle, as it has to compensate for the decreased function of the left ventricle, making choice C the correct answer.

Question 60

Q

<br></br>What is the primary function of the left side of the heart?
A) Pump blood to the lungs
B) Pump blood to the body
C) Pump blood to the brain
D) Pump blood to the kidneys
E) Pump blood to the liver

Answer

A

B) Pump blood to the body
Explanation: The left side of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the body, facilitating systemic circulation and delivering oxygenated blood to the tissues, making choice B the correct answer.

Question 61

Q

<br></br>What is the result of right side heart failure?
A) Failure to pump blood to the body
B) Failure to pump blood to the kidneys
C) Failure to pump blood to the lungs
D) Failure to pump blood to the brain
E) Failure to pump blood to the liver

Answer

A

C) Failure to pump blood to the lungs
Explanation: Right side heart failure results in the failure to pump blood to the lungs, affecting pulmonary circulation and gas exchange, making choice C the correct answer.

Question 62

Q

<br></br>What is the relationship between right side heart failure and left side heart failure?
A) They are unrelated
B) Right side failure causes left side failure
C) Left side failure causes right side failure
D) They occur independently
E) They have no impact on each other

Answer

A

C) Left side failure causes right side failure
Explanation: Right side heart failure is normally a result of left side heart failure, as the failure of the left ventricle increases the workload of the right ventricle, making choice C the correct answer.

Question 63

Q

<br></br>What determines the consequence of heart failure?
A) Systolic or diastolic
B) Left or right
C) Both systolic and diastolic
D) Both left and right
E) None of the above

Answer

A

C) Both systolic and diastolic
Explanation: The consequence of heart failure can depend on both systolic and diastolic functions, as well as whether it occurs on the left or right side of the heart. These factors can be interdependent and influence each other, making the assessment and management of heart failure complex.

Question 64

Q

<br></br>What is the primary cause of left heart failure?
A) High blood pressure
B) Low salt intake
C) Regular exercise
D) Smoking
E) Genetic factors

Answer

A

A) High blood pressure
Explanation: Left heart failure is primarily caused by conditions such as high blood pressure, which can lead to the heart’s inability to effectively pump blood to the rest of the body, resulting in left-sided heart failure.

Answer 65

A

A) Fluid accumulation in the lungs
Explanation: Left heart failure often leads to the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, causing symptoms such as shortness of breath and coughing, which are characteristic of this type of heart failure.

Answer 66

A

C) It decreases oxygen supply to the body
Explanation: Left heart failure reduces the heart’s ability to pump oxygen-rich blood to the body, resulting in decreased oxygen supply to the tissues and organs, leading to symptoms of fatigue and weakness.

Answer 67

A

C) Pumps blood to the systemic circulation (rest of the body)
Explanation: The left side of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the systemic circulation, which supplies blood to the rest of the body, highlighting its crucial role in the circulatory system.

Answer 68

A

B) The left ventricle is not pumping enough blood to the body
Explanation: Left heart failure (LHF) signifies that the left ventricle is not adequately pumping blood to the body, leading to potential systemic circulation issues and reduced blood flow to vital organs.

Answer 69

A

B) Coronary artery disease
Explanation: Coronary artery disease is a common cause of left heart failure, as it can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, potentially resulting in myocardial infarction and subsequent heart failure.

Answer 70

A

A) Systolic failure
Explanation: Left heart failure usually leads to systolic failure, which is characterized by the heart’s inability to contract effectively and pump an adequate amount of blood to the body.

Answer 71

A

C) Reduced blood flow to the body
Explanation: Left heart failure commonly leads to reduced blood flow to the body, which can result in systemic circulation issues and decreased delivery of oxygenated blood to tissues and organs.

Answer 72

A

C) It becomes weaker
Explanation: In left heart failure, there is a decrease in the strength of the heart’s contraction, leading to reduced systolic function and impacting the overall pumping ability of the heart.

Answer 73

A

C) It increases
Explanation: Left heart failure results in an increased End-Systolic Volume (ESV), indicating that the heart is unable to effectively pump out as much blood during each contraction, leading to a higher volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction.

Answer 74

A

C) It decreases
Explanation: In left heart failure, there is a reduction in Stroke Volume (SV), which represents the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction. This decrease contributes to the overall decrease in cardiac output.

Answer 75

A

C) It decreases
Explanation: Left heart failure leads to a reduction in Cardiac Output (CO), which is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. This decrease is a result of the reduced Stroke Volume and contributes to the overall compromised function of the heart.

Answer 76

A

B) SV = EDV - ESV
Explanation: The relationship between Stroke Volume (SV), End-Diastolic Volume (EDV), and End-Systolic Volume (ESV) is represented by the equation SV = EDV - ESV. This equation illustrates the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction, taking into account the volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction.

Answer 77

A

C) It decreases
Explanation: In left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction, the ventricular volume decreases due to the impaired relaxation and filling of the ventricle, leading to reduced end-diastolic volume (EDV) and subsequent decrease in stroke volume (SV). This contributes to the characteristic symptoms of heart failure.

Answer 78

A

A) It increases
Explanation: In left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction, the end-diastolic volume (EDV) increases due to impaired ventricular relaxation and filling, leading to reduced ventricular compliance. This contributes to the characteristic symptoms of heart failure.

Answer 79

A

C) It decreases
Explanation: In left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction, the stroke volume (SV) decreases due to the impaired relaxation and filling of the ventricle, resulting in reduced ventricular ejection fraction. This contributes to the characteristic symptoms of heart failure.

Answer 80

A

C) It decreases
Explanation: In left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction, the cardiac output (CO) decreases due to the reduced stroke volume (SV) and impaired ventricular function, leading to inadequate perfusion of tissues and organs. This contributes to the characteristic symptoms of heart failure.

Answer 81

A

B) A physical remodeling of the heart structure
Explanation: Ventricular remodeling refers to the physical restructuring of the heart’s structure as an adaptive response to maintain cardiac output, involving changes in myocyte size, myofibril contraction, and sarcomere formation.

Answer 82

A

A) Myofibrils
Explanation: Myocytes are filled with myofibrils, which are the functional units of the heart responsible for contraction, highlighting their crucial role in the heart’s pumping action.

Answer 83

A

A) Myofibrils
Explanation: Sarcomeres link together in a chain to form myofibrils, which are essential for the contraction and pumping function of the heart, demonstrating the interconnected nature of the heart’s structural components.

Answer 84

A

E) Myofilaments
Explanation: Sarcomeres are composed of myofilaments, which serve as the contracting units in the heart, playing a vital role in the heart’s ability to pump blood throughout the body.

Answer 85

A

D) Types of heart muscle increase
Explanation: Hypertrophy can be eccentric or concentric, indicating different types of heart muscle increase, with eccentric hypertrophy resulting in an increase in heart size but less functional capacity, highlighting the impact on heart structure and function.

Answer 86

A

B) The muscle lengthens
Explanation: Sarcomeres added in series result in the muscle lengthening, which is a characteristic of eccentric hypertrophy. This type of hypertrophy tends to occur with systolic heart failure.

Answer 87

A

A) Concentric hypertrophy
Explanation: Concentric hypertrophy tends to happen with diastolic heart failure, characterized by the addition of sarcomeres in parallel and resulting in the thickening of the muscle.

Answer 88

A

B) Concentric hypertrophy
Explanation: Sarcomeres added in parallel are characteristic of concentric hypertrophy, leading to the thickening of the muscle. This type of hypertrophy tends to occur with diastolic heart failure.

Answer 89

A

D) It thickens
Explanation: In concentric hypertrophy, the muscle thickens due to the addition of sarcomeres in parallel. This type of hypertrophy tends to happen with diastolic heart failure.

Answer 90

A

B) Eccentric hypertrophy
Explanation: Eccentric hypertrophy tends to occur with systolic heart failure, characterized by the addition of sarcomeres in series and resulting in the lengthening of the muscle.

Answer 91

A

C) Both thin and thick filaments
Explanation: Sarcomeres, the basic contractile units of muscle fibers, are composed of both thin and thick filaments, which play a crucial role in muscle contraction and relaxation.

Answer 92

A

B) Myosin
Explanation: The thick filament in sarcomeres is composed of myosin, a key protein that interacts with actin to generate muscle contraction, making it a fundamental component of the sarcomere structure.

Answer 93

A

C) Shift to slow-β myosin
Explanation: In heart failure, there is a shift to the slow-β myosin isoform in altered myocytes, which contributes to the inefficiency of contraction and abnormal contractility, impacting the pumping ability of the heart.

Answer 94

A

C) Decreases efficiency
Explanation: The shift to slow-β myosin in heart failure leads to a decrease in the efficiency of contraction, contributing to abnormal contractility and impaired pumping ability of the heart.

Answer 95

A

E) Ca2+ levels decrease and stay around longer
Explanation: Altered Ca2+ signaling in heart failure leads to lower levels of Ca2+ and prolonged presence, contributing to inefficient contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle, ultimately impairing the heart’s pumping ability.

Answer 96

A

C) Both a cause and a consequence of heart failure
Explanation: Ventricular remodeling can both cause and result from heart failure. It involves changes in the size, shape, and function of the heart’s ventricles, and can contribute to the progression of heart failure.

Answer 97

A

B) Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Explanation: The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is responsible for the ‘fight or flight’ response, leading to increased heart rate, contractility of ventricle cardiomyocytes, and vasoconstriction as part of the body’s stress response.

Answer 98

A

B) Decreases heart rate
Explanation: The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is responsible for the ‘rest and digest’ response, leading to a decrease in heart rate as part of the body’s relaxation response.

Answer 99

A

D) It regulates heart contractility
Explanation: The autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, plays a crucial role in regulating heart activity, including the contractility of the heart muscle, in response to different physiological demands.

Answer 100

A

A) Blood pressure
Explanation: In addition to increasing heart rate, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) also increases vasoconstriction, leading to an elevation in blood pressure as part of the ‘fight or flight’ response.

Answer 101

A

C) Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
Explanation: The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is associated with the ‘rest and digest’ response, leading to a decrease in heart rate and promoting relaxation and digestive activities.

Answer 102

A

C) In the carotid sinus and aortic arch
Explanation: Baroreceptors are present in the carotid sinus and aortic arch, where they detect and respond to changes in blood pressure, playing a crucial role in the baroreceptor reflex mechanism.

Answer 103

A

D) They signal the brain to increase sympathetic nervous activity
Explanation: When baroreceptors detect low blood pressure, they signal the medulla (brainstem) to alter nervous system activity, leading to an increase in sympathetic nervous activity, heart rate, ventricle contractility, stroke volume, and cardiac output, as well as vasoconstriction and an increase in mean arterial pressure.

Answer 104

A

A) It decreases total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Explanation: Vasoconstriction in the baroreceptor reflex mechanism leads to an increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), contributing to the regulation of blood pressure in response to changes detected by the baroreceptors.

Answer 105

A

E) It has no role in the mechanism
Explanation: The parasympathetic nervous system does not play a direct role in the baroreceptor reflex mechanism, as it is primarily associated with the regulation of heart rate and cardiac output through the influence of the sympathetic nervous system and vasoconstriction.

Answer 106

A

A) Decrease in heart rate (HR)
Explanation: When blood pressure is high, the baroreceptor reflex mechanism triggers a reverse response, leading to a decrease in heart rate (HR) as a compensatory mechanism to regulate blood pressure and maintain homeostasis.

Answer 107

A

C) In the carotid sinus and aortic arch
Explanation: Baroreceptors are present in the carotid sinus and aortic arch, where they detect and respond to changes in blood pressure, playing a crucial role in the baroreceptor reflex mechanism.

Answer 108

A

E) They signal to increase sympathetic nervous activity
Explanation: When blood pressure is low, baroreceptors signal to the medulla to increase sympathetic nervous activity, leading to an increase in heart rate, ventricle contractility, stroke volume, and cardiac output, as well as vasoconstriction to increase total peripheral resistance and mean arterial pressure.

Answer 109

A

C) Increase in TPR and MAP
Explanation: Vasoconstriction leads to an increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), contributing to the compensatory mechanisms in response to changes in blood pressure.

Answer 110

A

B) It decreases
Explanation: When blood pressure is low, there is a decrease in parasympathetic nervous system activity, leading to an increase in heart rate and contributing to the compensatory mechanisms to maintain blood pressure.

Answer 111

A

B) Decrease in sympathetic nervous activity
Explanation: When blood pressure is high, the baroreceptor reflex leads to a decrease in sympathetic nervous activity, resulting in a decrease in heart rate, vasodilation, and a decrease in total peripheral resistance, as part of the reverse response to maintain blood pressure.

Answer 112

A

C) It drops
Explanation: In left heart failure, the decrease in cardiac output leads to a drop in blood pressure, as the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, resulting in a compensatory response.

Answer 113

A

B) It stimulates parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activation
Explanation: The baroreceptor reflex, in response to left heart failure, stimulates parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activation as a compensatory mechanism to counteract the persistent sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation.

Answer 114

A

B) It desensitizes the heart
Explanation: The persistent sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation in left heart failure leads to the release of noradrenaline, which pummels the failing heart and causes it to become desensitized, eventually resulting in the loss of the heart’s ability to respond to the SNS.

Answer 115

A

B) It is lost due to persistent SNS activation
Explanation: In left heart failure, the persistent sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation leads to the loss of parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) control of heart rate (HR), resulting in the unabated stimulation of the heart by the SNS.

Answer 116

A

C) It inhibits sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation
Explanation: The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is normally responsible for inhibiting sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation and regulating heart rate (HR) to maintain a balanced autonomic nervous system control.

Answer 117

A

B) Decreased blood flow to the kidney
Explanation: A decrease in blood flow to the kidney triggers the release of renin in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), initiating the cascade of events that lead to increased blood volume and blood pressure.

Answer 118

A

C) Increased absorption of Na+ and water
Explanation: Increased production of aldosterone in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) leads to the increased absorption of Na+ and water, contributing to the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.

Answer 119

A

C) Increased blood volume leads to increased preload
Explanation: In the context of the RAAS, increased blood volume leads to increased end-diastolic volume (EDV), which in turn increases preload, contributing to the regulation of cardiac output.

Answer 120

A

C) Increased EDV leads to increased SV
Explanation: In the context of the RAAS, increased end-diastolic volume (EDV) leads to increased stroke volume (SV), which subsequently contributes to increased cardiac output and blood pressure.

Answer 121

A

C) It leads to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
Explanation: Angiotensin II, as part of the RAAS, leads to vasoconstriction, which contributes to increased blood pressure by narrowing the blood vessels.

Answer 122

A

C) Release of renin
Explanation: A decrease in blood flow to the kidney triggers the release of renin, which is the initial step in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and leads to subsequent compensatory mechanisms.

Answer 123

A

A) Increased absorption of Na+ and water
Explanation: Increased production of aldosterone leads to increased absorption of Na+ and water, contributing to the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure as part of the compensatory mechanisms.

Answer 124

A

C) Increased SV and CO
Explanation: Increased ventricular filling leads to increased stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO), as the heart pumps out more blood with each contraction, contributing to the regulation of blood pressure and overall cardiac function.

Answer 125

A

D) Vasoconstriction
Explanation: Angiotensin II induces vasoconstriction, leading to an increase in blood pressure as part of the compensatory mechanisms in response to decreased blood flow to the kidney.

Answer 126

A

A) Increased sympathetic nervous system innervation
Explanation: The vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II is exacerbated by increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervation, contributing to the overall regulation of blood pressure and fluid volume in the compensatory mechanisms.

Answer 127

A

C) To compensate for lower cardiac output
Explanation: The SNS and RAAS are in overdrive to increase heart rate and stroke volume in order to compensate for lower cardiac output resulting from dysfunction of the left side of the heart, illustrating the body’s attempt to maintain adequate circulation.

Answer 128

A

D) More ventricular hypertrophy
Explanation: The extra pressure on the ventricles leads to more ventricular hypertrophy, which in turn causes a continued drop in cardiac output, highlighting the detrimental impact of prolonged overstimulation of the heart.

Answer 129

A

C) Continuation of the compensatory cycle
Explanation: Extreme left ventricular hypertrophy leads to a continuation of the compensatory cycle, perpetuating the detrimental effects on cardiac output and contributing to a cycle of declining heart function.

Answer 130

A

D) Increased venous pressure
Explanation: Tissue swelling in Heart Failure is primarily caused by increased venous pressure, which promotes fluid extravasation and accumulation in tissues, leading to swelling. This is a result of the heart not effectively pumping blood, causing a backup of venous blood and reduced blood flow out of the heart.

Answer 131

A

C) It slows down
Explanation: In Heart Failure, blood flow out of the heart slows down, leading to a backup of venous blood returning to the heart through the veins. This reduced blood flow contributes to the development of tissue swelling and other symptoms associated with Heart Failure.

Answer 132

A

D) Increased venous pressure
Explanation: Increased venous pressure in Heart Failure promotes fluid extravasation, causing fluid to move from the vasculature to within tissues. This process leads to the accumulation of fluid in tissues and subsequent swelling, which is a characteristic feature of Heart Failure.

Answer 133

A

D) In the lungs for LHF and in the rest of the body for RHF
Explanation: In Heart Failure, fluid accumulates in the lungs for Left Heart Failure (LHF) and in the rest of the body for Right Heart Failure (RHF). The location of the swelling is dependent on the type of heart failure, with distinct patterns observed for LHF and RHF.

Answer 134

A

D) Increased fluid accumulation in tissues
Explanation: Increased venous pressure in Heart Failure leads to increased fluid accumulation in tissues, resulting in swelling. This process is a consequence of the heart’s reduced effectiveness as a pump, which causes a backup of venous blood and promotes fluid extravasation.

Answer 135

A

A) Net movement of fluid into veins and capillaries under normal conditions
Explanation: Under normal conditions, there is a net movement of fluid into veins and capillaries. This process is essential for maintaining fluid balance in the body.

Answer 136

A

A) Fluid moves from the veins and capillaries into the tissues
Explanation: In heart failure, the increase in venous pressure overrides the tissue hydrostatic pressure, leading to a net movement of fluid from the veins and capillaries into the tissues. This contributes to the accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body.

Answer 137

A

A) Lungs
Explanation: In left heart failure, the accumulation of fluid primarily affects the lungs, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath and pulmonary congestion.

Answer 138

A

B) Rest of the body
Explanation: In right heart failure, the accumulation of fluid primarily affects the rest of the body, including the legs, liver, spleen, and abdomen. This can lead to peripheral edema and abdominal distension.

Answer 139

A

B) Failure of the left ventricle
Explanation: Pulmonary oedema is primarily associated with the failure of the left ventricle to pump out enough blood it receives from the lungs, leading to increased pressure inside the left atrium and subsequently in the veins and capillaries in the lungs, causing fluid to be pushed into the air sacs. This results in less efficient gas exchange and a lack of oxygen to tissues.

Answer 140

A

D) They are filled with fluid
Explanation: In left heart failure, the alveoli are full of fluid instead of air, which disrupts the normal gas exchange process and leads to a lack of oxygen to the tissues, resulting in symptoms such as a sense of suffocation and shortness of breath.

Answer 141

A

B) Decreased urine production
Explanation: Forward failure in left heart failure is associated with decreased urine production, fatigue, irregular heartbeat, and tachycardia, reflecting the body’s response to the heart’s inability to effectively pump blood forward.

Answer 142

A

B) Pulmonary oedema
Explanation: Backward failure in left heart failure leads to pulmonary oedema, congested lungs, shortness of breath, coughing fluid, wheezes, crackles, confusion, and cyanosis, indicating the accumulation of fluid in the lungs due to the heart’s inability to effectively pump blood out of the heart.

Answer 143

A

E) Alterations to the myocytes, RAAS activity, and SNS activity
Explanation: Left heart failure involves a perpetuating loop of alterations to the myocytes, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity, and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, which contribute to the progression and impact of the condition on the body.

Answer 144

A

E) Fluid accumulation in the lungs
Explanation: Left heart failure is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath and coughing. This is a result of the heart’s inability to effectively pump blood from the lungs to the rest of the body.

Answer 145

A

A) Swelling in the legs
Explanation: Swelling in the legs, also known as peripheral edema, is a common symptom of left heart failure. It occurs due to the buildup of fluid in the body as a result of the heart’s inability to effectively pump blood.

Answer 146

A

B) It causes fluid accumulation in the lungs
Explanation: Left heart failure results in the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. This can significantly impact respiratory function and overall lung health.

Answer 147

A

E) It becomes weakened and ineffective
Explanation: In left heart failure, the left ventricle becomes weakened and ineffective, leading to the accumulation of blood in the lungs and the subsequent development of symptoms such as shortness of breath and pulmonary edema.

Answer 148

A

D) It disrupts normal blood circulation
Explanation: Left heart failure disrupts normal blood circulation, leading to inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to the body’s tissues and organs. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and reduced exercise tolerance.

Answer 149

A

C) Echocardiogram
Explanation: The primary method for diagnosing heart failure is through an echocardiogram, which allows for the visualization of the heart’s structure and function, aiding in the assessment of its pumping ability and identifying any abnormalities.

Answer 150

A

E) SNS and PNS influence
Explanation: The condition described is related to the altered influence of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), leading to changes in cardiac function and regulation.

Answer 151

A

E) Preload
Explanation: Preload refers to the stretch of the ventricle and the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (EDV), which influences the force of contraction and stroke volume.

Answer 152

A

E) Heart Failure
Explanation: Heart failure is the condition described, which involves the inability of the heart to pump blood effectively, leading to various symptoms such as hypoxia, pulmonary edema, and cardiomegaly.

Answer 153

A

B) Cardiomyopathy
Explanation: Cardiomyopathy refers to the condition involving the structural and functional abnormalities of the heart muscle, leading to altered excitation/contraction, hypertrophy, and abnormal calcium handling.

Answer 154

A

A) Altered myocyte integrity
Explanation: Altered myocyte integrity refers to the disruption or damage to the structural integrity of myocardial cells, which can lead to conditions such as myocardial infarction and impaired cardiac function.

Answer 155

A

B) Lung disease
Explanation: Right heart failure is commonly caused by lung disease, which leads to increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation and subsequent strain on the right side of the heart.

Answer 156

A

D) Right ventricle
Explanation: Right heart failure primarily affects the right ventricle, leading to inadequate pumping of blood to the lungs and causing congestion in the systemic circulation.

Answer 157

A

A) Shortness of breath
Explanation: Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity or when lying flat, is a common symptom of right heart failure due to the impaired ability of the heart to pump blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

Answer 158

A

C) It causes congestion in the body’s organs
Explanation: Right heart failure leads to congestion in the systemic circulation, resulting in fluid accumulation in the body’s organs and tissues, leading to symptoms such as swelling and fluid retention.

Answer 159

A

D) Liver enlargement
Explanation: Right heart failure can lead to liver enlargement due to congestion in the hepatic circulation, resulting in impaired liver function and potential complications.

Answer 160

A

C) Pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit (lungs)
Explanation: The right side of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the pulmonary circuit, specifically to the lungs, highlighting its crucial role in the circulatory system.

Answer 161

A

C) Inadequate blood supply to the lungs
Explanation: Right heart failure (RHF) signifies that the right ventricle is not pumping enough blood to the lungs, leading to inadequate blood supply to the pulmonary circuit, which can have significant physiological implications.

Answer 162

A

B) Pulmonary embolism
Explanation: Right heart failure can be commonly caused by pulmonary embolism, which is a critical condition that can lead to the right ventricle’s inability to pump enough blood to the lungs, resulting in right heart failure.

Answer 163

A

B) The right ventricle pumps more blood
Explanation: In the presence of fluid build-up in the lungs, the right ventricle needs to pump harder to push blood out, which initiates the same pathophysiological changes as with left heart failure but for the right ventricle, illustrating the impact of this condition on cardiac function.

Answer 164

A

D) Fluid build-up in the lungs
Explanation: The build-up of fluid in the lungs can initiate the same pathophysiological changes as with left heart failure but for the right ventricle, indicating the potential impact of this condition on the right side of the heart.

Answer 165

A

D) Swelling of veins due to increased venous pressure
Explanation: Backward failure in right heart failure presents with symptoms such as swelling of veins due to increased venous pressure, peripheral oedema, ascites in the abdomen, and pitting oedema in the legs, indicating the congestion of fluid in the body.

Answer 166

A

C) Fatigue
Explanation: Forward failure in right heart failure is characterized by symptoms such as fatigue and tachycardia, reflecting the inadequate pumping of blood to the lungs and the resulting impact on the body.

Answer 167

A

A) Peripheral oedema
Explanation: In right heart failure, the inadequate pumping of blood to the lungs leads to peripheral oedema, which is the accumulation of fluid in the body due to the backward failure of the heart’s function.

Answer 168

A

B) Ascites
Explanation: The build-up of fluid across the body in right heart failure is referred to as ascites, which is particularly evident in the abdomen and is a characteristic sign of the condition.

Answer 169

A

C) Splenomegaly
Explanation: Right heart failure can lead to splenomegaly, which is the abnormal enlargement of the spleen, indicating the impact of the condition on the body’s organs.

Answer 170

A

B) Pitting edema of the legs
Explanation: In right heart failure, the increase in venous pressure leads to the visible sign of pitting edema in the legs, indicating the accumulation of excessive fluid in the lower extremities.

Answer 171

A

D) Increase in venous pressure
Explanation: In right heart failure, the inability of the right ventricle to pump enough blood leads to an increase in venous pressure, causing fluid to be pushed through the capillary walls into the tissues, resulting in peripheral edema formation.

Answer 172

A

C) Afterload
Explanation: Afterload refers to the increased resistance to blood flow out of the ventricle, which can lead to altered excitation/contraction and pump failure, ultimately impacting cardiac function.

Answer 173

A

B) Pulmonary hypertension
Explanation: Pulmonary hypertension is a condition that results in increased resistance to blood flow out of the ventricle, leading to altered myocyte integrity and contributing to right heart failure.

Answer 174

A

A) Hypoxia
Explanation: Hypoxia refers to the increased demand for oxygen that exacerbates the causes of pump failure, leading to symptoms such as exercise intolerance, tachycardia, and altered myosin balance.

Answer 175

A

D) Myocardial hypertrophy
Explanation: Myocardial hypertrophy is the condition that results in altered excitation/contraction and pump failure, leading to increased oxygen demand and symptoms such as pitting edema and altered autonomic nervous system balance.

Answer 176

A

E) Altered autonomic NS balance
Explanation: Altered autonomic NS balance refers to the altered balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which can impact cardiac function and contribute to right heart failure.

Answer 177

A

C) Reducing salt to decrease blood pressure
Explanation: One of the prevention strategies for heart failure involves reducing salt intake to decrease blood pressure, which can help in preventing the onset or progression of heart failure.

Answer 178

A

D) By reducing salt intake
Explanation: Reducing salt intake can help reduce concentric hypertrophy, which in turn can prevent the initiation of heart failure and the subsequent hypertrophy.

Answer 179

A

C) Beta blockers
Explanation: Medications such as beta blockers can be used to reduce blood pressure as part of the treatment strategy for heart failure, helping to manage the condition and its symptoms.

Answer 180

A

C) Reducing blood pressure
Explanation: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are used to reduce blood pressure as part of the treatment for heart failure, helping to alleviate the strain on the heart and improve its function.

Answer 181

A

B) To remove excess fluid
Explanation: Diuretics are used in the treatment of heart failure to remove excess fluid from the body, thereby reducing blood volume and congestion, and preventing heart failure from worsening.

Answer 182

A

B) Calcium channel blockers
Explanation: Medications such as calcium channel blockers are utilized to address fatigue in the treatment of heart failure. These medications decrease heart rate, increase filling time, end-diastolic volume (EDV), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO), thereby alleviating fatigue.

Answer 183

A

B) To decrease heart rate
Explanation: Calcium channel blockers are employed in the treatment of heart failure to decrease heart rate, increase filling time, end-diastolic volume (EDV), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO), thereby improving cardiac function and alleviating symptoms.

Answer 184

A

D) To alleviate congestion and fatigue
Explanation: Targeting symptoms in the treatment of heart failure aims to alleviate congestion and fatigue, which are common manifestations of the condition. This approach involves addressing the patient’s discomfort and improving their quality of life.

Answer 185

A

B) Increases it
Explanation: Calcium channel blockers, when used in the treatment of heart failure, increase stroke volume by decreasing heart rate, increasing filling time, end-diastolic volume (EDV), and ultimately enhancing cardiac output. This contributes to the improvement of cardiac function in heart failure patients.

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NURSING 2005_Heart Failure_1 Slide PP Flashcards

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