NURSING 2005_Heart Failure_1 Slide PP Flashcards
(185 cards)
<h1>Page 01</h1>
<br></br>What is the function of the superior vena cava in the heart?
A) Supplies oxygenated blood to the body
B) Drains into the left atrium
C) Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head, neck and arms
D) Carries deoxygenated blood to the left and right lungs
E) Arises from right ventricle
C) Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head, neck and arms
Explanation: The superior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head, neck, and arms, and drains into the right atrium, playing a crucial role in the circulatory system.
<h1>Page 01</h1>
<br></br>Where does the inferior vena cava return deoxygenated blood to the heart from?
A) The head, neck and arms
B) The left and right lungs
C) The rest of the body
D) The left ventricle
E) The right atrium
C) The rest of the body
Explanation: The inferior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the rest of the body, draining into the right atrium, and is a key component of the cardiovascular system.
<h1>Page 01</h1>
<br></br>From which ventricle does the pulmonary trunk/artery arise?
A) Left ventricle
B) Right atrium
C) Right ventricle
D) Left atrium
E) Superior vena cava
C) Right ventricle
Explanation: The pulmonary trunk/artery arises from the right ventricle and branches into left and right pulmonary arteries, carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs, contributing to the pulmonary circulation.
<h1>Page 01</h1>
<br></br>What is the function of the pulmonary veins in the heart?
A) Drains into the right atrium
B) Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head, neck and arms
C) Supplies oxygenated blood to the body
D) Delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
E) Arises from left ventricle
D) Delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Explanation: The pulmonary veins deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, draining into the left atrium, and are essential for the systemic circulation.
<h1>Page 01</h1>
<br></br>Where does the aorta arise from in the heart?
A) Right atrium
B) Left ventricle
C) Right ventricle
D) Left atrium
E) Inferior vena cava
B) Left ventricle
Explanation: The aorta arises from the left ventricle and supplies oxygenated blood to the body, playing a critical role in systemic circulation and overall cardiovascular function.
<h1>Page 02</h1>
<br></br>Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the inferior and superior vena cava?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery
B) Right atrium
Explanation: The right atrium of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the inferior and superior vena cava, playing a crucial role in the circulation of blood through the heart’s chambers.
<h1>Page 02</h1>
<br></br>Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the right ventricle?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery
B) Right atrium
Explanation: The right atrium pumps blood to the right ventricle, facilitating the flow of deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary circulation.
<h1>Page 02</h1>
<br></br>Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery
A) Left atrium
Explanation: The left atrium of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, marking the beginning of the systemic circulation within the heart.
<h1>Page 02</h1>
<br></br>Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the aorta?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery
C) Left ventricle
Explanation: The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta, supplying oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation and playing a vital role in the heart’s overall function.
<h1>Page 02</h1>
<br></br>Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary artery?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery
D) Right ventricle
Explanation: The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery, directing deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, a critical step in the pulmonary circulation.
<h1>Page 03</h1>
<br></br>What is the function of specialised heart valves?
A) To regulate body temperature
B) To control the direction of blood flow
C) To produce red blood cells
D) To store excess blood
E) To generate electrical impulses
B) To control the direction of blood flow
Explanation: Specialised heart valves are responsible for controlling the direction of blood flow within the heart, ensuring that blood moves through the chambers in the correct sequence and does not flow backwards, thus facilitating efficient circulation.
<h1>Page 03</h1>
<br></br>Which valve allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle?
A) Aortic valve
B) Pulmonary valve
C) Mitral valve
D) Tricuspid valve
E) Bicuspid valve
D) Tricuspid valve
Explanation: The tricuspid valve is responsible for allowing blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle, playing a crucial role in the directional flow of blood within the heart.
<h1>Page 03</h1>
<br></br>Through which valve does blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta?
A) Pulmonary valve
B) Tricuspid valve
C) Mitral valve
D) Bicuspid valve
E) Aortic valve
E) Aortic valve
Explanation: The aortic valve permits blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta, ensuring that oxygenated blood is efficiently pumped out to the body’s systemic circulation.
<h1>Page 03</h1>
<br></br>What is the purpose of the pulmonary valve?
A) To allow blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle
B) To control the direction of blood flow
C) To allow blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
D) To allow blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
E) To allow blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta
D) To allow blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
Explanation: The pulmonary valve is responsible for permitting blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, ensuring that deoxygenated blood is directed to the lungs for oxygenation.
<h1>Page 03</h1>
<br></br>Which valve allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
A) Aortic valve
B) Pulmonary valve
C) Mitral valve
D) Tricuspid valve
E) Bicuspid valve
C) Mitral valve
Explanation: The mitral valve allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, playing a crucial role in ensuring the unidirectional flow of oxygenated blood within the heart.
<h1>Page 05</h1>
<br></br>What happens during the first stage of the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) Atria relax
E) Atria pressure increases
C) Atria relaxed
Explanation: During the first stage of the cardiac cycle, the atria are relaxed, allowing for passive filling and the opening of the AV valves to facilitate the flow of blood into the relaxed ventricles.
<h1>Page 05</h1>
<br></br>What occurs when the ventricle pressure becomes greater than arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) SL valves open
E) Atria pressure increases
D) SL valves open
Explanation: When the ventricle pressure exceeds arterial pressure, the semilunar (SL) valves open, allowing blood to flow into the arteries, marking an important phase in the cardiac cycle.
<h1>Page 05</h1>
<br></br>What is the action of the atria during the third stage of the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) Atria relax
E) Atria pressure decreases
D) Atria relax
Explanation: During the third stage of the cardiac cycle, the atria relax, leading to a decrease in atrial pressure and the closure of the AV valves, preparing for the next phase of the cycle.
<h1>Page 05</h1>
<br></br>What occurs when the atria contract during the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) Atria relax
E) Atrial pressure increases
A) Atria contract
Explanation: When the atria contract, there is an increase in atrial pressure, leading to the opening of the AV valves and the flow of blood into the relaxed ventricles, contributing to the filling of the ventricles.
<h1>Page 05</h1>
<br></br>What is the result of ventricular contraction during the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) Atria relax
E) ESV
B) Ventricles contract
Explanation: Ventricular contraction leads to the opening of the SL valves and the ejection of blood into the arteries, marking an essential phase in the cardiac cycle and contributing to the ejection of the stroke volume.
<h1>Page 06</h1>
<br></br>What is preload in relation to the heart?
A) The amount of blood the ventricles contain after contraction
B) The pressure in the atria during diastole
C) The amount of blood the ventricles contain before they contract
D) The resistance the ventricles must overcome to eject blood
E) The volume of blood in the pulmonary artery
C) The amount of blood the ventricles contain before they contract
Explanation: Preload refers to the amount of blood present in the ventricles before they contract, also known as end diastolic volume (EDV). It is influenced by factors such as venous return, filling time, and the contraction of the atria, and plays a crucial role in determining the amount of blood that can be pumped out of the heart.
<h1>Page 06</h1>
<br></br>What influences myocardial stretch?
A) Blood pressure
B) Oxygen levels in the blood
C) Venous return
D) Heart rate
E) Blood glucose levels
C) Venous return
Explanation: Myocardial stretch is influenced by factors such as venous return, filling time, and the contraction of the atria. These factors determine how stretched the heart is before it contracts and subsequently affect the preload, or end diastolic volume (EDV), of the ventricles.
<h1>Page 06</h1>
<br></br>What happens when more blood enters the ventricles?
A) The heart rate decreases
B) The ventricles contract less forcefully
C) The heart becomes less compliant
D) More blood can be pumped out
E) The afterload increases
D) More blood can be pumped out
Explanation: When more blood enters the ventricles, the preload or end diastolic volume (EDV) increases, allowing for a greater volume of blood to be pumped out during contraction. This relationship between preload and stroke volume is a key aspect of myocardial stretch and cardiac function.
<h1>Page 07</h1>
<br></br>What is afterload in relation to the heart’s function?
A) The pressure in the atria
B) The pressure in the ventricles
C) The force the ventricle has to overcome to pump blood out of the heart
D) The resistance in the pulmonary artery
E) The volume of blood in the ventricle
C) The force the ventricle has to overcome to pump blood out of the heart
Explanation: Afterload refers to the force that the ventricle must overcome to eject blood out of the heart, and it is influenced by factors such as the pressure in the aorta, hypertension, and vasoconstriction.
Page 07
What happens if there is higher pressure in the aorta in relation to afterload? A) The afterload decreases B) The afterload increases C) The ventricle requires less force to pump blood D) The ventricle requires more force to pump blood E) The ventricle pumps less blood
Page 07
What influences afterload in the heart? A) Blood volume B) Heart rate C) Pressure in the atria D) Pressure in the aorta E) Oxygen saturation
Page 07
How does hypertension affect afterload? A) It decreases afterload B) It has no effect on afterload C) It increases afterload D) It reduces the pressure in the aorta E) It decreases the resistance in the pulmonary artery
Page 07
What is the impact of vasoconstriction on afterload? A) It decreases afterload B) It has no effect on afterload C) It increases afterload D) It reduces the pressure in the aorta E) It decreases the resistance in the pulmonary artery
Page 08
What is the formula for stroke volume (SV)? A) SV = EDV + ESV B) SV = EDV - ESV C) SV = EDV * ESV D) SV = EDV / ESV E) SV = ESV - EDV
Page 08
What influences the end diastolic volume (EDV)? A) Venous return B) Heart rate C) Blood pressure D) Lung capacity E) Body temperature
Page 08
What is the end systolic volume (ESV)? A) Volume of blood in the ventricles before contraction B) Volume of blood in the ventricles after contraction C) Volume of blood in the atria before contraction D) Volume of blood in the atria after contraction E) Volume of blood in the aorta after contraction
Page 08
How does an increase in contractility affect stroke volume? A) Increases ESV B) Decreases ESV C) Increases EDV D) Decreases EDV E) No effect on ESV or EDV
Page 08
Which part of the autonomic nervous system influences heart rate and contractility? A) Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) B) Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) C) Central nervous system (CNS) D) Enteric nervous system (ENS) E) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Page 10
What determines cardiac output? A) Heart rate (HR) only B) Stroke volume (SV) only C) Both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) D) Venous return (VR) only E) Blood pressure only
Page 10
How can cardiac output be increased? A) By decreasing stroke volume (SV) B) By decreasing heart rate (HR) C) By decreasing both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) D) By increasing venous return (VR) E) By increasing both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)
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What happens if venous return (VR) is reduced? A) Cardiac output remains the same B) Cardiac output decreases C) Cardiac output increases D) Stroke volume (SV) decreases E) Heart rate (HR) decreases
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What is the cardiac output during vigorous exercise for a fit person? A) 10 L/min B) 15 L/min C) 20 L/min D) 22 L/min E) 25 L/min
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What is the maximum cardiac output during vigorous exercise for a world-class athlete? A) 25 L/min B) 30 L/min C) 35 L/min D) 40 L/min E) 45 L/min
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What is the primary issue in heart failure? A) Excessive oxygenation of blood B) Inadequate blood volume C) Insufficient pumping of oxygenated blood D) Overactive heart muscles E) Lack of blood flow to the lungs
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What distinguishes systolic heart failure? A) Impaired contraction B) Impaired relaxation C) Excessive muscle strength D) Increased inotropy E) Reduced blood volume
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What is the main issue in diastolic heart failure? A) Impaired contraction B) Impaired relaxation C) Excessive muscle strength D) Increased inotropy E) Reduced blood volume
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What term describes reduced contractility in heart failure? A) Reduced inotropy B) Increased chronotropy C) Enhanced lusitropy D) Elevated dromotropy E) Augmented bathmotropy
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What happens to the heart muscles in diastolic heart failure? A) They become too weak B) They become too stiff C) They become overactive D) They relax excessively E) They increase in size
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What is a potential cause of heart failure that is unique to each individual? A) Hypertension B) Myocardial infarction C) Atrial fibrillation D) Valvular heart disease E) Inherited cardiomyopathy
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Which of the following is listed as a risk factor for heart failure? A) Excessive alcohol consumption B) Regular exercise C) Low sodium diet D) Meditation E) Vegetarian diet
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What is a potential cause of heart failure related to heart rhythm? A) Hypertension B) Myocardial infarction C) Atrial fibrillation D) Valvular heart disease E) Inherited cardiomyopathy
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Which condition is NOT listed as a potential cause of heart failure? A) Kidney dysfunction B) Excessive alcohol consumption C) Inherited cardiomyopathy D) Regular exercise E) Valvular heart disease
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What is a potential cause of heart failure related to heart valve function? A) Hypertension B) Myocardial infarction C) Atrial fibrillation D) Valvular heart disease E) Inherited cardiomyopathy
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What does ejection fraction (EF) measure? A) The amount of blood in the ventricle B) The percentage of blood pumped out with ventricular contraction C) The heart rate D) The volume of blood in the atria E) The amount of oxygen in the blood
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What is the normal range for ejection fraction (EF)? A) 40-55% B) 70-85% C) 90-100% D) 10-25% E) 55-70%
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How is ejection fraction (EF) calculated? A) EF = (EDV - ESV) B) EF = (SV / EDV) x 100 C) EF = (ESV / EDV) x 100 D) EF = (SV + EDV) x 100 E) EF = (SV - EDV) x 100
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What does stroke volume (SV) measure? A) The heart rate B) The percentage of blood pumped out with ventricular contraction C) The amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat D) The amount of blood in the ventricle E) The volume of blood in the atria
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How is stroke volume (SV) calculated? A) SV = EDV - ESV B) SV = EF x EDV C) SV = ESV / EF D) SV = EDV + ESV E) SV = EF / EDV
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What is the defining characteristic of systolic heart failure? A) EF greater than 50% B) Less blood pumped out C) Thickening of the heart wall D) No impaired filling E) Heart is strong and pumps blood effectively
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What distinguishes diastolic heart failure from systolic heart failure? A) EF less than 40% B) No less blood pumped out C) Weakness of the heart D) Thickening of the heart wall E) Reduced ejection fraction
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What is the ejection fraction (EF) value associated with systolic heart failure? A) EF greater than 50% B) Less than 40% C) 50% D) 60% E) 70%
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What is the primary issue in diastolic heart failure? A) Weakness of the heart B) Reduced ejection fraction C) Thickening of the heart wall D) Impaired filling E) Less blood pumped out
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What is the primary function of the right side of the heart? A) Pump blood to the lungs B) Pump blood to the body C) Pump blood to the brain D) Pump blood to the kidneys E) Pump blood to the liver
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What is the consequence of left ventricular failure on the right ventricle? A) Decreased workload B) No effect on the right ventricle C) Increased workload D) Right ventricular failure E) Right ventricular hypertrophy
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What is the primary function of the left side of the heart? A) Pump blood to the lungs B) Pump blood to the body C) Pump blood to the brain D) Pump blood to the kidneys E) Pump blood to the liver
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What is the result of right side heart failure? A) Failure to pump blood to the body B) Failure to pump blood to the kidneys C) Failure to pump blood to the lungs D) Failure to pump blood to the brain E) Failure to pump blood to the liver
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What is the relationship between right side heart failure and left side heart failure? A) They are unrelated B) Right side failure causes left side failure C) Left side failure causes right side failure D) They occur independently E) They have no impact on each other
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What determines the consequence of heart failure? A) Systolic or diastolic B) Left or right C) Both systolic and diastolic D) Both left and right E) None of the above
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What is the primary cause of left heart failure? A) High blood pressure B) Low salt intake C) Regular exercise D) Smoking E) Genetic factors
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What is the main consequence of left heart failure? A) Fluid accumulation in the lungs B) Swelling in the legs and ankles C) Increased heart rate D) Low blood pressure E) Elevated cholesterol levels
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How does left heart failure affect the body's oxygen supply? A) It increases oxygen supply to the body B) It has no effect on oxygen supply C) It decreases oxygen supply to the body D) It regulates oxygen supply E) It enhances oxygen absorption
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What is the primary function of the left side of the heart? A) Pumps blood to the lungs B) Pumps blood to the digestive system C) Pumps blood to the systemic circulation (rest of the body) D) Pumps blood to the kidneys E) Pumps blood to the brain
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What does left heart failure (LHF) indicate? A) The left ventricle is pumping too much blood to the body B) The left ventricle is not pumping enough blood to the body C) The left atrium is not functioning properly D) The left ventricle is not receiving enough blood E) The left ventricle is enlarged
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Which of the following is a common cause of left heart failure? A) Anemia B) Coronary artery disease C) Lung infection D) Dehydration E) Bone fracture
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What type of failure does left heart failure usually lead to? A) Systolic failure B) Diastolic failure C) Atrial failure D) Ventricular failure E) Cardiac arrest
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What is a common outcome of left heart failure? A) Increased blood flow to the body B) Reduced blood pressure C) Reduced blood flow to the body D) Enlargement of the left ventricle E) Improved cardiac function
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What happens to the contraction of the heart in left heart failure? A) It becomes stronger B) It remains the same C) It becomes weaker D) It stops completely E) It becomes irregular
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What happens to the End-Systolic Volume (ESV) in left heart failure? A) It decreases B) It remains the same C) It increases D) It becomes irregular E) It stops completely
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What happens to the Stroke Volume (SV) in left heart failure? A) It increases B) It remains the same C) It decreases D) It becomes irregular E) It stops completely
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What happens to the Cardiac Output (CO) in left heart failure? A) It increases B) It remains the same C) It decreases D) It becomes irregular E) It stops completely
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What is the relationship between Stroke Volume (SV) and End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) and End-Systolic Volume (ESV)? A) SV = EDV + ESV B) SV = EDV - ESV C) SV = EDV x ESV D) SV = EDV / ESV E) SV = EDV % ESV
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What happens to the ventricular volume in left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction? A) It increases B) It remains the same C) It decreases D) It fluctuates E) It is not affected
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What happens to the end-diastolic volume (EDV) in left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction? A) It increases B) It remains the same C) It decreases D) It fluctuates E) It is not affected
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What happens to the stroke volume (SV) in left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction? A) It increases B) It remains the same C) It decreases D) It fluctuates E) It is not affected
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What happens to the cardiac output (CO) in left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction? A) It increases B) It remains the same C) It decreases D) It fluctuates E) It is not affected
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What is ventricular remodeling in the context of compensatory mechanisms? A) A process of reducing heart size B) A physical remodeling of the heart structure C) A decrease in myocyte size D) A reduction in myofibril contraction E) A decrease in sarcomere formation
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What are myocytes filled with that act as the functional units of the heart? A) Myofibrils B) Sarcomeres C) Myofilaments D) Hypertrophy E) Ventricles
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What do sarcomeres link together to form in the heart? A) Myofibrils B) Myocytes C) Hypertrophy D) Ventricles E) Myofilaments
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What are sarcomeres composed of in the heart? A) Myofibrils B) Myocytes C) Hypertrophy D) Ventricles E) Myofilaments
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What is eccentric or concentric in the context of hypertrophy? A) Types of heart valves B) Types of ventricular remodeling C) Types of myocyte contraction D) Types of heart muscle increase E) Types of heart failure
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What is the characteristic of sarcomeres added in series? A) The muscle thickens B) The muscle lengthens C) The muscle contracts D) The muscle shortens E) The muscle expands
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Which type of hypertrophy tends to happen with diastolic heart failure? A) Concentric hypertrophy B) Eccentric hypertrophy C) Normal hypertrophy D) Abnormal hypertrophy E) Systolic hypertrophy
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In which type of hypertrophy are sarcomeres added in parallel? A) Eccentric hypertrophy B) Concentric hypertrophy C) Normal hypertrophy D) Abnormal hypertrophy E) Systolic hypertrophy
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What happens to the muscle in concentric hypertrophy? A) It lengthens B) It contracts C) It expands D) It thickens E) It shortens
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What type of hypertrophy tends to occur with systolic heart failure? A) Concentric hypertrophy B) Eccentric hypertrophy C) Normal hypertrophy D) Abnormal hypertrophy E) Diastolic hypertrophy
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What are sarcomeres composed of? A) Only thin filaments B) Only thick filaments C) Both thin and thick filaments D) Only myosin E) Only actin
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What is the composition of the thick filament in sarcomeres? A) Actin B) Myosin C) Troponin D) Tropomyosin E) Titin
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In heart failure, what is the shift in myosin isoforms observed in altered myocytes? A) Shift to fast-α myosin B) No shift in myosin isoforms C) Shift to slow-β myosin D) Shift to both fast-α and slow-β myosin E) Shift to troponin isoforms
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What effect does the shift to slow-β myosin have on the efficiency of contraction in the heart? A) Increases efficiency B) No effect on efficiency C) Decreases efficiency D) Halts contraction E) Causes irregular contraction
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How does altered Ca2+ signaling contribute to inefficient contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle? A) Ca2+ levels remain constant B) Ca2+ levels increase C) Ca2+ levels decrease D) Ca2+ levels fluctuate rapidly E) Ca2+ levels decrease and stay around longer
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What is ventricular remodeling in relation to heart failure? A) A cause of heart failure B) A consequence of heart failure C) Both a cause and a consequence of heart failure D) Unrelated to heart failure E) A treatment for heart failure
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Which nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response? A) Central nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) C) Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) D) Autonomic nervous system E) Peripheral nervous system
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What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) have on heart rate? A) Increases heart rate B) Decreases heart rate C) No influence on heart rate D) Stops heart rate E) Irregular heart rate
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What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating heart activity? A) It has no influence on heart activity B) It increases heart rate C) It decreases heart rate D) It regulates heart contractility E) It controls blood pressure
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What does the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) increase in addition to heart rate? A) Blood pressure B) Heart size C) Lung capacity D) Digestive activity E) Bone density
Page 25
Which nervous system is associated with the 'rest and digest' response? A) Central nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) C) Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) D) Autonomic nervous system E) Peripheral nervous system
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Where are the baroreceptors located in the body? A) In the lungs B) In the liver C) In the carotid sinus and aortic arch D) In the kidneys E) In the stomach
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What happens when the baroreceptors detect low blood pressure? A) They signal the brain to decrease sympathetic nervous activity B) They cause vasoconstriction C) They increase parasympathetic nervous system activity D) They signal the brain to increase sympathetic nervous activity E) They have no effect on the nervous system
Page 26
What is the effect of vasoconstriction in the baroreceptor reflex mechanism? A) It decreases total peripheral resistance (TPR) B) It decreases mean arterial pressure (MAP) C) It increases heart rate (HR) D) It increases stroke volume (SV) E) It has no effect on blood pressure
Page 26
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the baroreceptor reflex mechanism? A) It increases heart rate (HR) B) It decreases cardiac output (CO) C) It causes vasodilation D) It decreases total peripheral resistance (TPR) E) It has no role in the mechanism
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What is the reverse response of the baroreceptor reflex mechanism when blood pressure is high? A) Decrease in heart rate (HR) B) Vasodilation C) Decrease in total peripheral resistance (TPR) D) Decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) E) Increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity
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Where are the baroreceptors located in the body? A) In the lungs B) In the liver C) In the carotid sinus and aortic arch D) In the kidneys E) In the stomach
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What is the role of baroreceptors when blood pressure is low? A) They signal to increase parasympathetic nervous system activity B) They signal to decrease sympathetic nervous activity C) They signal to the medulla to increase nervous system activity D) They signal to the medulla to decrease nervous system activity E) They signal to increase sympathetic nervous activity
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What effect does vasoconstriction have on total peripheral resistance (TPR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP)? A) Decrease in TPR and MAP B) Increase in TPR and decrease in MAP C) Increase in TPR and MAP D) No effect on TPR and MAP E) Increase in TPR and no effect on MAP
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What happens to the parasympathetic nervous system activity when blood pressure is low? A) It increases B) It decreases C) It remains unchanged D) It signals to increase sympathetic nervous activity E) It signals to decrease sympathetic nervous activity
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What is the reverse response of the baroreceptor reflex when blood pressure is high? A) Increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity B) Decrease in sympathetic nervous activity C) Decrease in heart rate D) Vasodilation E) Decrease in total peripheral resistance
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What happens to blood pressure in left heart failure due to lower cardiac output? A) It remains the same B) It increases C) It drops D) It fluctuates E) It becomes erratic
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What is the role of the baroreceptor reflex in response to left heart failure? A) It inhibits sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation B) It stimulates parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activation C) It has no effect on the autonomic nervous system D) It triggers the release of catecholamines E) It increases heart rate
Page 28
What effect does the persistent SNS activation have on the heart in left heart failure? A) It decreases heart rate B) It desensitizes the heart C) It increases parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) control D) It reduces blood pressure E) It inhibits the release of catecholamines
Page 28
What happens to the control of heart rate (HR) in left heart failure? A) It is enhanced by the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) B) It is lost due to persistent SNS activation C) It becomes erratic due to fluctuating blood pressure D) It is unaffected by the autonomic nervous system E) It is regulated by the release of catecholamines
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What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) in normally regulating heart rate (HR)? A) It stimulates the release of catecholamines B) It desensitizes the heart C) It inhibits sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation D) It increases blood pressure E) It has no effect on heart rate
Page 29
What triggers the release of renin in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)? A) Increased blood flow to the kidney B) Decreased blood flow to the kidney C) Increased production of aldosterone D) Decreased production of angiotensin II E) Increased absorption of Na+ and water
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What is the effect of increased production of aldosterone in the RAAS? A) Decreased absorption of Na+ and water B) Increased absorption of K+ C) Increased absorption of Na+ and water D) Decreased blood volume E) Decreased blood pressure
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What is the relationship between increased blood volume and preload in the context of the RAAS? A) Increased blood volume leads to decreased preload B) Increased blood volume has no effect on preload C) Increased blood volume leads to increased preload D) Increased blood volume leads to increased afterload E) Increased blood volume leads to decreased afterload
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What is the effect of increased end-diastolic volume (EDV) on stroke volume (SV) in the context of the RAAS? A) Increased EDV leads to decreased SV B) Increased EDV has no effect on SV C) Increased EDV leads to increased SV D) Increased EDV leads to increased cardiac output (CO) E) Increased EDV leads to decreased blood pressure
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What is the effect of angiotensin II on blood pressure in the RAAS? A) It leads to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure B) It has no effect on blood pressure C) It leads to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure D) It leads to decreased cardiac output and blood pressure E) It leads to increased heart rate and decreased blood pressure
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What is the initial response triggered by a decrease in blood flow to the kidney? A) Release of aldosterone B) Release of angiotensin II C) Release of renin D) Increased absorption of Na+ and water E) Increased blood volume
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What is the effect of increased production of aldosterone in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)? A) Increased absorption of Na+ and water B) Decreased blood volume C) Decreased blood pressure D) Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity E) Increased heart rate
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What is the impact of increased ventricular filling on stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO)? A) Decreased SV and CO B) No effect on SV and CO C) Increased SV and CO D) Increased SV and decreased CO E) Decreased SV and increased CO
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What is the role of angiotensin II in the compensatory mechanisms of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)? A) Vasodilation B) Decreased blood pressure C) Fluid excretion D) Vasoconstriction E) Reduced sympathetic nervous system activity
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What exacerbates the vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II in the compensatory mechanisms? A) Increased sympathetic nervous system innervation B) Decreased fluid retention C) Decreased fluid volume D) Decreased ventricular filling E) Decreased cardiac output
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What is the goal of the SNS and RAAS in overdrive in relation to the heart? A) To decrease heart rate and stroke volume B) To maintain normal cardiac output C) To compensate for lower cardiac output D) To reduce ventricular hypertrophy E) To increase blood pressure
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What is the consequence of the extra pressure on the ventricles caused by the SNS and RAAS in overdrive? A) Decrease in ventricular hypertrophy B) Increase in cardiac output C) Maintenance of normal heart function D) More ventricular hypertrophy E) Reduction in blood pressure
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What is the result of extreme left ventricular hypertrophy in the context of the heart's function? A) Increase in cardiac output B) Maintenance of normal heart function C) Continuation of the compensatory cycle D) Decrease in heart rate and stroke volume E) Restoration of normal circulation
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What is the primary cause of tissue swelling in Heart Failure? A) Increased heart rate B) Decreased blood volume C) Reduced venous pressure D) Increased venous pressure E) Reduced fluid extravasation
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What happens to blood flow out of the heart in Heart Failure? A) It increases B) It remains the same C) It slows down D) It becomes erratic E) It reverses direction
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What promotes fluid extravasation in Heart Failure? A) Reduced venous pressure B) Increased heart rate C) Decreased blood volume D) Increased venous pressure E) Reduced fluid accumulation
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Where does fluid accumulate in Heart Failure, and what determines its location? A) In the brain, determined by the type of failure B) In the liver, determined by the type of failure C) In the kidneys, determined by the type of failure D) In the lungs for LHF and in the rest of the body for RHF E) In the heart, determined by the type of failure
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What is the outcome of increased venous pressure in Heart Failure? A) Reduced blood volume B) Reduced fluid extravasation C) Reduced tissue swelling D) Increased fluid accumulation in tissues E) Increased heart rate
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What causes fluid to build up in the body? A) Net movement of fluid into veins and capillaries under normal conditions B) Net movement of fluid out of veins and capillaries under normal conditions C) Increase in tissue hydrostatic pressure D) Decrease in venous pressure E) Increase in lymphatic drainage
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In heart failure, what happens to the movement of fluid in the body? A) Fluid moves from the veins and capillaries into the tissues B) Fluid moves into the veins and capillaries from the tissues C) Tissue hydrostatic pressure decreases D) Venous pressure decreases E) Lymphatic drainage increases
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Which part of the body is affected by fluid accumulation in left heart failure? A) Lungs B) Rest of the body C) Legs D) Liver E) Spleen
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Which part of the body is affected by fluid accumulation in right heart failure? A) Lungs B) Rest of the body C) Legs D) Liver E) Spleen
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What is the primary cause of pulmonary oedema? A) Failure of the right ventricle B) Failure of the left ventricle C) Failure of the atria D) Failure of the pulmonary artery E) Failure of the aorta
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What happens to the alveoli in left heart failure? A) They are filled with air B) They are empty C) They are filled with blood D) They are filled with fluid E) They are collapsed
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What are the signs/symptoms of forward failure in left heart failure? A) Increased urine production B) Decreased urine production C) Regular heartbeat D) Bradycardia E) Increased appetite
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What are the signs/symptoms of backward failure in left heart failure? A) Increased blood being pumped out of the heart B) Pulmonary oedema C) Clear lungs D) Decreased breathing difficulty E) Increased energy levels
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What is the perpetuating loop of alterations mentioned in left heart failure? A) Alterations to the digestive system B) Alterations to the respiratory system C) Alterations to the nervous system D) Alterations to the muscular system E) Alterations to the myocytes, RAAS activity, and SNS activity
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What is the primary characteristic of left heart failure? A) Low blood pressure B) High blood pressure C) Irregular heart rhythm D) Decreased heart rate E) Fluid accumulation in the lungs
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What is a common symptom of left heart failure? A) Swelling in the legs B) Chest pain C) Nausea and vomiting D) Blurred vision E) Fatigue and weakness
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How does left heart failure affect the lungs? A) It decreases lung capacity B) It causes fluid accumulation in the lungs C) It leads to lung inflammation D) It increases oxygen levels in the blood E) It improves respiratory function
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What role does the left ventricle play in left heart failure? A) It pumps blood to the lungs B) It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs C) It regulates heart rate D) It prevents fluid accumulation in the lungs E) It becomes weakened and ineffective
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What is the impact of left heart failure on the body's circulation? A) It increases blood flow to the extremities B) It decreases blood flow to the brain C) It impairs blood flow to the lungs D) It disrupts normal blood circulation E) It causes blood to pool in the abdomen
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What is the primary method for diagnosing heart failure? A) Blood test B) X-ray C) Echocardiogram D) Urine test E) Electrocardiogram
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What is the term for the condition characterized by the altered balance of the autonomic nervous system, resulting in increased sympathetic nervous system activity and decreased parasympathetic nervous system activity? A) Myocardial infarction B) Systemic hypertension C) Infective endocarditis D) Congenital heart defect E) SNS and PNS influence
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What is the term for the condition characterized by the stretching of the ventricle and the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (EDV)? A) Myocardial hypertrophy B) Pump failure C) Altered myocyte integrity D) Afterload E) Preload
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What is the term for the condition characterized by the exacerbation of oxygen demand leading to pump failure and resulting in hypoxia, pulmonary edema, and cardiomegaly? A) Myocardial infarction B) Systemic hypertension C) Infective endocarditis D) Congenital heart defect E) Heart Failure
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What is the term for the condition characterized by the altered excitation/contraction, hypertrophy, and altered calcium mobilization in the myocardium? A) Myocardial infarction B) Cardiomyopathy C) Valve defect D) LEFT HEART FAILURE E) Precipitating event
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What is the term for the condition characterized by the altered myocyte integrity and the development of myocardial infarction? A) Altered myocyte integrity B) Altered autonomic NS balance C) é SNS ê PNS D) é Preload = é stretch of ventricle = é volume of blood in ventricle at end of diastole (EDV) E) Pitting oedema
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What is the primary cause of right heart failure? A) High blood pressure B) Lung disease C) Kidney failure D) Coronary artery disease E) Diabetes
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Which chamber of the heart is primarily affected in right heart failure? A) Left atrium B) Right atrium C) Left ventricle D) Right ventricle E) Aorta
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What is a common symptom of right heart failure? A) Shortness of breath B) Chest pain C) Nausea D) Muscle weakness E) Headache
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How does right heart failure affect systemic circulation? A) It increases blood flow to the body B) It decreases blood pressure in the body C) It causes congestion in the body's organs D) It has no impact on systemic circulation E) It reduces blood volume in the body
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What effect does right heart failure have on the liver? A) Decreased blood flow to the liver B) Increased liver function C) Liver shrinkage D) Liver enlargement E) No effect on the liver
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What is the primary function of the right side of the heart? A) Pumps blood to the brain B) Pumps blood to the kidneys C) Pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit (lungs) D) Pumps blood to the liver E) Pumps blood to the digestive system
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What does right heart failure (RHF) indicate? A) Inadequate blood supply to the body B) Inadequate blood supply to the heart C) Inadequate blood supply to the lungs D) Inadequate blood supply to the liver E) Inadequate blood supply to the brain
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What are common causes of right heart failure? A) Kidney failure B) Pulmonary embolism C) Liver failure D) Brain injury E) Stomach ulcer
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What happens if there is a build-up of fluid in the lungs in the context of right heart failure? A) The right ventricle pumps less blood B) The right ventricle pumps more blood C) The left ventricle pumps less blood D) The left ventricle pumps more blood E) The heart stops pumping blood
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What condition can kick off the same pathophysiological changes as left heart failure but for the right ventricle? A) Pulmonary embolism B) Kidney failure C) Liver failure D) Fluid build-up in the lungs E) Brain injury
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What are the signs/symptoms of backward failure in right heart failure? A) Increased appetite B) Swelling of veins due to decreased venous pressure C) Weight loss D) Swelling of veins due to increased venous pressure E) Decreased heart rate
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What is a symptom of forward failure in right heart failure? A) Weight gain B) Swelling of the spleen C) Fatigue D) Tachycardia E) Swelling of the liver
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What is the consequence of not enough blood being pumped to the lungs in right heart failure? A) Peripheral oedema B) Ascites in the abdomen C) Pitting oedema in the legs D) Swelling of veins due to increased venous pressure E) Increased appetite
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What is the term for the build-up of fluid across the body in right heart failure? A) Peripheral oedema B) Ascites C) Pitting oedema D) Splenomegaly E) Hepatomegaly
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What is a symptom of right heart failure related to the spleen? A) Ascites B) Pitting oedema in the legs C) Splenomegaly D) Swelling of veins due to increased venous pressure E) Weight gain
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What is a visible sign of right heart failure due to an increase in venous pressure? A) Swelling of the abdomen B) Pitting edema of the legs C) Redness of the skin D) Numbness in the extremities E) Tingling sensation in the hands
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What is the mechanism of peripheral edema formation in right heart failure? A) Decrease in venous pressure B) Increase in arterial pressure C) Decrease in capillary permeability D) Increase in venous pressure E) Decrease in blood volume
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What is the term for increased resistance to blood flow out of the ventricle? A) Hypertrophy B) Pulmonary embolism C) Afterload D) Pulmonary hypertension E) Myocardial stretch
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Which condition results in increased resistance to blood flow out of the ventricle? A) Pulmonary embolism B) Pulmonary hypertension C) Chronic pulmonary disease D) Pulmonary edema E) Hypoxia
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What is the term for the increased demand for oxygen that exacerbates the causes of pump failure? A) Hypoxia B) Ascites C) Hepatomegaly D) Splenomegaly E) Afterload
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What is the term for the condition that results in altered excitation/contraction and pump failure? A) Pulmonary embolism B) Pulmonary hypertension C) Afterload D) Myocardial hypertrophy E) Chronic pulmonary disease
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What is the term for the altered balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? A) Pulmonary embolism B) Pulmonary hypertension C) Afterload D) Altered myocyte integrity E) Altered autonomic NS balance
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What is a key strategy for preventing heart failure? A) Avoiding exercise and diet B) Increasing salt intake C) Reducing salt to decrease blood pressure D) Consuming more medications E) Reducing SNS effect on the heart
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How can concentric hypertrophy be reduced to prevent heart failure? A) By increasing salt intake B) By avoiding exercise and diet C) By consuming more medications D) By reducing salt intake E) By increasing SNS effect on the heart
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Which type of medications can help reduce blood pressure as a treatment for heart failure? A) Antibiotics B) Painkillers C) Beta blockers D) Antihistamines E) Antidepressants
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What is the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of heart failure? A) Increasing SNS effect on the heart B) Reducing salt intake C) Reducing blood pressure D) Inducing concentric hypertrophy E) Perpetuating the loop of compensatory mechanisms
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What is the primary purpose of diuretics in the treatment of heart failure? A) To increase blood pressure B) To remove excess fluid C) To decrease heart rate D) To prevent fatigue E) To improve oxygenation of the body
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Which medication is used to target fatigue in the treatment of heart failure? A) Diuretics B) Calcium channel blockers C) Aldosterone D) Oxygenation medication E) None of the above
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What is the role of calcium channel blockers in the treatment of heart failure? A) To remove excess fluid B) To decrease heart rate C) To improve oxygenation of the body D) To target congestion E) To prevent heart failure from worsening
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What is the purpose of targeting symptoms in the treatment of heart failure? A) To remove excess fluid B) To decrease heart rate C) To improve oxygenation of the body D) To alleviate congestion and fatigue E) To prevent heart failure from worsening
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How do calcium channel blockers affect stroke volume in the treatment of heart failure? A) Decreases it B) Increases it C) Has no effect on it D) Reduces blood pressure E) Improves oxygenation of the body