NURSING 2005_Heart Failure_1 Slide PP

Question 1

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>What is the function of the superior vena cava in the heart?
A) Supplies oxygenated blood to the body
B) Drains into the left atrium
C) Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head, neck and arms
D) Carries deoxygenated blood to the left and right lungs
E) Arises from right ventricle

Answer 1

C) Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head, neck and arms
Explanation: The superior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head, neck, and arms, and drains into the right atrium, playing a crucial role in the circulatory system.

Question 2

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Where does the inferior vena cava return deoxygenated blood to the heart from?
A) The head, neck and arms
B) The left and right lungs
C) The rest of the body
D) The left ventricle
E) The right atrium

Answer 2

C) The rest of the body
Explanation: The inferior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the rest of the body, draining into the right atrium, and is a key component of the cardiovascular system.

Question 3

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>From which ventricle does the pulmonary trunk/artery arise?
A) Left ventricle
B) Right atrium
C) Right ventricle
D) Left atrium
E) Superior vena cava

Answer 3

C) Right ventricle
Explanation: The pulmonary trunk/artery arises from the right ventricle and branches into left and right pulmonary arteries, carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs, contributing to the pulmonary circulation.

Question 4

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>What is the function of the pulmonary veins in the heart?
A) Drains into the right atrium
B) Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head, neck and arms
C) Supplies oxygenated blood to the body
D) Delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
E) Arises from left ventricle

Answer 4

D) Delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Explanation: The pulmonary veins deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, draining into the left atrium, and are essential for the systemic circulation.

Question 5

<h1>Page 01</h1>

<br></br>Where does the aorta arise from in the heart?
A) Right atrium
B) Left ventricle
C) Right ventricle
D) Left atrium
E) Inferior vena cava

Answer 5

B) Left ventricle
Explanation: The aorta arises from the left ventricle and supplies oxygenated blood to the body, playing a critical role in systemic circulation and overall cardiovascular function.

Question 6

<h1>Page 02</h1>

<br></br>Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the inferior and superior vena cava?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery

Answer 6

B) Right atrium
Explanation: The right atrium of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the inferior and superior vena cava, playing a crucial role in the circulation of blood through the heart’s chambers.

Question 7

<h1>Page 02</h1>

<br></br>Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the right ventricle?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery

Answer 7

B) Right atrium
Explanation: The right atrium pumps blood to the right ventricle, facilitating the flow of deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary circulation.

Question 8

<h1>Page 02</h1>

<br></br>Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery

Answer 8

A) Left atrium
Explanation: The left atrium of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, marking the beginning of the systemic circulation within the heart.

Question 9

<h1>Page 02</h1>

<br></br>Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the aorta?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery

Answer 9

C) Left ventricle
Explanation: The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta, supplying oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation and playing a vital role in the heart’s overall function.

Question 10

<h1>Page 02</h1>

<br></br>Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary artery?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
E) Pulmonary artery

Answer 10

D) Right ventricle
Explanation: The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery, directing deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, a critical step in the pulmonary circulation.

Question 11

<h1>Page 03</h1>

<br></br>What is the function of specialised heart valves?
A) To regulate body temperature
B) To control the direction of blood flow
C) To produce red blood cells
D) To store excess blood
E) To generate electrical impulses

Answer 11

B) To control the direction of blood flow
Explanation: Specialised heart valves are responsible for controlling the direction of blood flow within the heart, ensuring that blood moves through the chambers in the correct sequence and does not flow backwards, thus facilitating efficient circulation.

Question 12

<h1>Page 03</h1>

<br></br>Which valve allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle?
A) Aortic valve
B) Pulmonary valve
C) Mitral valve
D) Tricuspid valve
E) Bicuspid valve

Answer 12

D) Tricuspid valve
Explanation: The tricuspid valve is responsible for allowing blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle, playing a crucial role in the directional flow of blood within the heart.

Question 13

<h1>Page 03</h1>

<br></br>Through which valve does blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta?
A) Pulmonary valve
B) Tricuspid valve
C) Mitral valve
D) Bicuspid valve
E) Aortic valve

Answer 13

E) Aortic valve
Explanation: The aortic valve permits blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta, ensuring that oxygenated blood is efficiently pumped out to the body’s systemic circulation.

Question 14

<h1>Page 03</h1>

<br></br>What is the purpose of the pulmonary valve?
A) To allow blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle
B) To control the direction of blood flow
C) To allow blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
D) To allow blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
E) To allow blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta

Answer 14

D) To allow blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
Explanation: The pulmonary valve is responsible for permitting blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, ensuring that deoxygenated blood is directed to the lungs for oxygenation.

Question 15

<h1>Page 03</h1>

<br></br>Which valve allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
A) Aortic valve
B) Pulmonary valve
C) Mitral valve
D) Tricuspid valve
E) Bicuspid valve

Answer 15

C) Mitral valve
Explanation: The mitral valve allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, playing a crucial role in ensuring the unidirectional flow of oxygenated blood within the heart.

Question 16

<h1>Page 05</h1>

<br></br>What happens during the first stage of the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) Atria relax
E) Atria pressure increases

Answer 16

C) Atria relaxed
Explanation: During the first stage of the cardiac cycle, the atria are relaxed, allowing for passive filling and the opening of the AV valves to facilitate the flow of blood into the relaxed ventricles.

Question 17

<h1>Page 05</h1>

<br></br>What occurs when the ventricle pressure becomes greater than arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) SL valves open
E) Atria pressure increases

Answer 17

D) SL valves open
Explanation: When the ventricle pressure exceeds arterial pressure, the semilunar (SL) valves open, allowing blood to flow into the arteries, marking an important phase in the cardiac cycle.

Question 18

<h1>Page 05</h1>

<br></br>What is the action of the atria during the third stage of the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) Atria relax
E) Atria pressure decreases

Answer 18

D) Atria relax
Explanation: During the third stage of the cardiac cycle, the atria relax, leading to a decrease in atrial pressure and the closure of the AV valves, preparing for the next phase of the cycle.

Question 19

<h1>Page 05</h1>

<br></br>What occurs when the atria contract during the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) Atria relax
E) Atrial pressure increases

Answer 19

A) Atria contract
Explanation: When the atria contract, there is an increase in atrial pressure, leading to the opening of the AV valves and the flow of blood into the relaxed ventricles, contributing to the filling of the ventricles.

Question 20

<h1>Page 05</h1>

<br></br>What is the result of ventricular contraction during the cardiac cycle?
A) Atria contract
B) Ventricles contract
C) Atria relaxed
D) Atria relax
E) ESV

Answer 20

B) Ventricles contract
Explanation: Ventricular contraction leads to the opening of the SL valves and the ejection of blood into the arteries, marking an essential phase in the cardiac cycle and contributing to the ejection of the stroke volume.

Question 21

<h1>Page 06</h1>

<br></br>What is preload in relation to the heart?
A) The amount of blood the ventricles contain after contraction
B) The pressure in the atria during diastole
C) The amount of blood the ventricles contain before they contract
D) The resistance the ventricles must overcome to eject blood
E) The volume of blood in the pulmonary artery

Answer 21

C) The amount of blood the ventricles contain before they contract
Explanation: Preload refers to the amount of blood present in the ventricles before they contract, also known as end diastolic volume (EDV). It is influenced by factors such as venous return, filling time, and the contraction of the atria, and plays a crucial role in determining the amount of blood that can be pumped out of the heart.

Question 22

<h1>Page 06</h1>

<br></br>What influences myocardial stretch?
A) Blood pressure
B) Oxygen levels in the blood
C) Venous return
D) Heart rate
E) Blood glucose levels

Answer 22

C) Venous return
Explanation: Myocardial stretch is influenced by factors such as venous return, filling time, and the contraction of the atria. These factors determine how stretched the heart is before it contracts and subsequently affect the preload, or end diastolic volume (EDV), of the ventricles.

Question 23

<h1>Page 06</h1>

<br></br>What happens when more blood enters the ventricles?
A) The heart rate decreases
B) The ventricles contract less forcefully
C) The heart becomes less compliant
D) More blood can be pumped out
E) The afterload increases

Answer 23

D) More blood can be pumped out
Explanation: When more blood enters the ventricles, the preload or end diastolic volume (EDV) increases, allowing for a greater volume of blood to be pumped out during contraction. This relationship between preload and stroke volume is a key aspect of myocardial stretch and cardiac function.

Question 24

<h1>Page 07</h1>

<br></br>What is afterload in relation to the heart’s function?
A) The pressure in the atria
B) The pressure in the ventricles
C) The force the ventricle has to overcome to pump blood out of the heart
D) The resistance in the pulmonary artery
E) The volume of blood in the ventricle

Answer 24

C) The force the ventricle has to overcome to pump blood out of the heart
Explanation: Afterload refers to the force that the ventricle must overcome to eject blood out of the heart, and it is influenced by factors such as the pressure in the aorta, hypertension, and vasoconstriction.

Question 25

Page 07

What happens if there is higher pressure in the aorta in relation to afterload? A) The afterload decreases B) The afterload increases C) The ventricle requires less force to pump blood D) The ventricle requires more force to pump blood E) The ventricle pumps less blood

Answer 25

D) The ventricle requires more force to pump blood Explanation: When there is higher pressure in the aorta, the ventricle needs to overcome more pressure, resulting in more blood being left over in the ventricle after it contracts, thereby increasing the afterload.

Question 26

Page 07

What influences afterload in the heart? A) Blood volume B) Heart rate C) Pressure in the atria D) Pressure in the aorta E) Oxygen saturation

Answer 26

D) Pressure in the aorta Explanation: Afterload is influenced by factors such as the pressure in the aorta, hypertension, and vasoconstriction, which impact the resistance the ventricle faces in ejecting blood from the heart.

Question 27

Page 07

How does hypertension affect afterload? A) It decreases afterload B) It has no effect on afterload C) It increases afterload D) It reduces the pressure in the aorta E) It decreases the resistance in the pulmonary artery

Answer 27

C) It increases afterload Explanation: Hypertension increases afterload by elevating the pressure in the aorta, which in turn requires the ventricle to overcome higher pressure to eject blood, leading to an increase in afterload.

Question 28

Page 07

What is the impact of vasoconstriction on afterload? A) It decreases afterload B) It has no effect on afterload C) It increases afterload D) It reduces the pressure in the aorta E) It decreases the resistance in the pulmonary artery

Answer 28

C) It increases afterload Explanation: Vasoconstriction increases afterload by raising the resistance in the systemic circulation, thereby requiring the ventricle to exert more force to pump blood out of the heart.

Question 29

Page 08

What is the formula for stroke volume (SV)? A) SV = EDV + ESV B) SV = EDV - ESV C) SV = EDV * ESV D) SV = EDV / ESV E) SV = ESV - EDV

Answer 29

B) SV = EDV - ESV Explanation: The formula for stroke volume is SV = EDV - ESV, representing the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles with each heartbeat. This equation is essential in understanding the cardiac cycle and the efficiency of the heart's pumping action.

Question 30

Page 08

What influences the end diastolic volume (EDV)? A) Venous return B) Heart rate C) Blood pressure D) Lung capacity E) Body temperature

Answer 30

A) Venous return Explanation: The end diastolic volume (EDV) is influenced by factors such as venous return, filling time, and stretch in the ventricles (preload), which collectively contribute to the amount of blood in the ventricles before contraction, thereby impacting stroke volume.

Question 31

Page 08

What is the end systolic volume (ESV)? A) Volume of blood in the ventricles before contraction B) Volume of blood in the ventricles after contraction C) Volume of blood in the atria before contraction D) Volume of blood in the atria after contraction E) Volume of blood in the aorta after contraction

Answer 31

B) Volume of blood in the ventricles after it’s contracted Explanation: The end systolic volume (ESV) represents the volume of blood in the ventricles after contraction, and it is influenced by factors such as contractility and the tension the ventricle has to overcome (afterload), which impact stroke volume.

Question 32

Page 08

How does an increase in contractility affect stroke volume? A) Increases ESV B) Decreases ESV C) Increases EDV D) Decreases EDV E) No effect on ESV or EDV

Answer 32

B) Decreases ESV Explanation: An increase in contractility leads to a decrease in end systolic volume (ESV), which in turn increases stroke volume. This relationship highlights the influence of contractility on the efficiency of the heart's pumping action.

Question 33

Page 08

Which part of the autonomic nervous system influences heart rate and contractility? A) Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) B) Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) C) Central nervous system (CNS) D) Enteric nervous system (ENS) E) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 33

A) Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) Explanation: The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) influences both heart rate and contractility, demonstrating its role in regulating the cardiac cycle and the efficiency of the heart's pumping action.

Question 34

Page 10

What determines cardiac output? A) Heart rate (HR) only B) Stroke volume (SV) only C) Both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) D) Venous return (VR) only E) Blood pressure only

Answer 34

C) Both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) Explanation: Cardiac output is determined by both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV), meaning that an increase in either or both factors will result in an increase in cardiac output.

Question 35

Page 10

How can cardiac output be increased? A) By decreasing stroke volume (SV) B) By decreasing heart rate (HR) C) By decreasing both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) D) By increasing venous return (VR) E) By increasing both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)

Answer 35

E) By increasing both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) Explanation: Cardiac output can be increased by increasing both heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV), which leads to a greater amount of blood being ejected from the ventricle per minute.

Question 36

Page 10

What happens if venous return (VR) is reduced? A) Cardiac output remains the same B) Cardiac output decreases C) Cardiac output increases D) Stroke volume (SV) decreases E) Heart rate (HR) decreases

Answer 36

B) Cardiac output decreases Explanation: If venous return (VR) is reduced, less blood is pumped out, resulting in a decrease in cardiac output unless compensatory mechanisms are activated.

Question 37

Page 10

What is the cardiac output during vigorous exercise for a fit person? A) 10 L/min B) 15 L/min C) 20 L/min D) 22 L/min E) 25 L/min

Answer 37

D) 22 L/min Explanation: During vigorous exercise, the cardiac output for a fit person can reach 22 L/min, indicating the amount of blood ejected from one ventricle per minute during this level of physical activity.

Question 38

Page 10

What is the maximum cardiac output during vigorous exercise for a world-class athlete? A) 25 L/min B) 30 L/min C) 35 L/min D) 40 L/min E) 45 L/min

Answer 38

C) 35 L/min Explanation: A world-class athlete can achieve a maximum cardiac output of up to 35 L/min during vigorous exercise, which is attributed to a larger stroke volume (SV) and reflects the exceptional cardiovascular capacity of elite athletes.

Question 39

Page 11

What is the primary issue in heart failure? A) Excessive oxygenation of blood B) Inadequate blood volume C) Insufficient pumping of oxygenated blood D) Overactive heart muscles E) Lack of blood flow to the lungs

Answer 39

C) Insufficient pumping of oxygenated blood Explanation: Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough oxygenated blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body. This results in a decreased cardiac output and can lead to various symptoms and complications.

Question 40

Page 11

What distinguishes systolic heart failure? A) Impaired contraction B) Impaired relaxation C) Excessive muscle strength D) Increased inotropy E) Reduced blood volume

Answer 40

A) Impaired contraction Explanation: Systolic heart failure is characterized by impaired contraction of the heart muscle, leading to the heart being too weak to effectively pump blood out with enough force. This results in reduced contractility and contributes to the overall condition of heart failure.

Question 41

Page 11

What is the main issue in diastolic heart failure? A) Impaired contraction B) Impaired relaxation C) Excessive muscle strength D) Increased inotropy E) Reduced blood volume

Answer 41

B) Impaired relaxation Explanation: Diastolic heart failure is characterized by impaired relaxation of the heart muscle, causing the muscles to be too stiff to properly relax and fill with blood. This results in decreased filling of the heart chambers and contributes to the overall condition of heart failure.

Question 42

Page 11

What term describes reduced contractility in heart failure? A) Reduced inotropy B) Increased chronotropy C) Enhanced lusitropy D) Elevated dromotropy E) Augmented bathmotropy

Answer 42

A) Reduced inotropy Explanation: Reduced contractility in heart failure is referred to as reduced inotropy, which signifies the heart's decreased ability to contract effectively and pump blood. This contributes to the overall impairment in heart function seen in heart failure.

Question 43

Page 11

What happens to the heart muscles in diastolic heart failure? A) They become too weak B) They become too stiff C) They become overactive D) They relax excessively E) They increase in size

Answer 43

B) They become too stiff Explanation: In diastolic heart failure, the heart muscles become too stiff to properly relax and fill with blood. This stiffness impairs the heart's ability to effectively pump blood, contributing to the overall condition of heart failure.

Question 44

Page 12

What is a potential cause of heart failure that is unique to each individual? A) Hypertension B) Myocardial infarction C) Atrial fibrillation D) Valvular heart disease E) Inherited cardiomyopathy

Answer 44

B) Myocardial infarction Explanation: Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, can lead to damage of the heart muscle, making it a potential cause of heart failure that is unique to each individual.

Question 45

Page 12

Which of the following is listed as a risk factor for heart failure? A) Excessive alcohol consumption B) Regular exercise C) Low sodium diet D) Meditation E) Vegetarian diet

Answer 45

A) Excessive alcohol consumption Explanation: Excessive alcohol consumption is identified as a risk factor for heart failure, highlighting the potential impact of lifestyle choices on heart health.

Question 46

Page 12

What is a potential cause of heart failure related to heart rhythm? A) Hypertension B) Myocardial infarction C) Atrial fibrillation D) Valvular heart disease E) Inherited cardiomyopathy

Answer 46

C) Atrial fibrillation Explanation: Atrial fibrillation, a condition related to irregular heart rhythm, is listed as a potential cause of heart failure, emphasizing the impact of cardiac arrhythmias on heart function.

Question 47

Page 12

Which condition is NOT listed as a potential cause of heart failure? A) Kidney dysfunction B) Excessive alcohol consumption C) Inherited cardiomyopathy D) Regular exercise E) Valvular heart disease

Answer 47

D) Regular exercise Explanation: Regular exercise is not listed as a potential cause of heart failure, highlighting the importance of physical activity in maintaining heart health.

Question 48

Page 12

What is a potential cause of heart failure related to heart valve function? A) Hypertension B) Myocardial infarction C) Atrial fibrillation D) Valvular heart disease E) Inherited cardiomyopathy

Answer 48

D) Valvular heart disease Explanation: Valvular heart disease is identified as a potential cause of heart failure, emphasizing the impact of heart valve function on overall cardiac health.

Question 49

Page 13

What does ejection fraction (EF) measure? A) The amount of blood in the ventricle B) The percentage of blood pumped out with ventricular contraction C) The heart rate D) The volume of blood in the atria E) The amount of oxygen in the blood

Answer 49

B) The percentage of blood pumped out with ventricular contraction Explanation: Ejection fraction (EF) measures the percentage of blood that is pumped out of the ventricle with each contraction, providing insight into the heart's efficiency in pumping blood.

Question 50

Page 13

What is the normal range for ejection fraction (EF)? A) 40-55% B) 70-85% C) 90-100% D) 10-25% E) 55-70%

Answer 50

E) 55-70% Explanation: The normal range for ejection fraction (EF) is approximately 55-70%, indicating the percentage of blood pumped out with each ventricular contraction. This range serves as a benchmark for assessing heart function.

Question 51

Page 13

How is ejection fraction (EF) calculated? A) EF = (EDV - ESV) B) EF = (SV / EDV) x 100 C) EF = (ESV / EDV) x 100 D) EF = (SV + EDV) x 100 E) EF = (SV - EDV) x 100

Answer 51

B) EF = (SV / EDV) x 100 Explanation: Ejection fraction (EF) is calculated by dividing stroke volume (SV) by end-diastolic volume (EDV) and multiplying by 100, providing a percentage that represents the proportion of blood pumped out with each ventricular contraction.

Question 52

Page 13

What does stroke volume (SV) measure? A) The heart rate B) The percentage of blood pumped out with ventricular contraction C) The amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat D) The amount of blood in the ventricle E) The volume of blood in the atria

Answer 52

C) The amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat Explanation: Stroke volume (SV) measures the amount of blood that the heart pumps with each beat, providing insight into the heart's efficiency in circulating blood throughout the body.

Question 53

Page 13

How is stroke volume (SV) calculated? A) SV = EDV - ESV B) SV = EF x EDV C) SV = ESV / EF D) SV = EDV + ESV E) SV = EF / EDV

Answer 53

A) SV = EDV - ESV Explanation: Stroke volume (SV) is calculated by subtracting end-systolic volume (ESV) from end-diastolic volume (EDV), representing the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.

Question 54

Page 14

What is the defining characteristic of systolic heart failure? A) EF greater than 50% B) Less blood pumped out C) Thickening of the heart wall D) No impaired filling E) Heart is strong and pumps blood effectively

Answer 54

B) Less blood pumped out Explanation: Systolic heart failure is characterized by reduced ejection fraction (EF less than 40%) and the inability to effectively pump out the blood that has filled the ventricles, resulting in decreased cardiac output and circulation.

Question 55

Page 14

What distinguishes diastolic heart failure from systolic heart failure? A) EF less than 40% B) No less blood pumped out C) Weakness of the heart D) Thickening of the heart wall E) Reduced ejection fraction

Answer 55

D) Thickening of the heart wall Explanation: Diastolic heart failure, characterized by preserved ejection fraction (EF greater than 50%), is distinguished by the thickening of the heart wall and impaired filling, leading to a reduction in the heart's ability to relax and fill with blood during the diastolic phase.

Question 56

Page 14

What is the ejection fraction (EF) value associated with systolic heart failure? A) EF greater than 50% B) Less than 40% C) 50% D) 60% E) 70%

Answer 56

B) Less than 40% Explanation: Systolic heart failure is characterized by an ejection fraction (EF) value of less than 40%, indicating the reduced ability of the heart to effectively pump out blood from the ventricles during systole.

Question 57

Page 14

What is the primary issue in diastolic heart failure? A) Weakness of the heart B) Reduced ejection fraction C) Thickening of the heart wall D) Impaired filling E) Less blood pumped out

Answer 57

D) Impaired filling Explanation: Diastolic heart failure is primarily characterized by impaired filling, as the thickened heart wall hinders the heart's ability to relax and adequately fill with blood during the diastolic phase, leading to reduced cardiac output.

Question 58

Page 15

What is the primary function of the right side of the heart? A) Pump blood to the lungs B) Pump blood to the body C) Pump blood to the brain D) Pump blood to the kidneys E) Pump blood to the liver

Answer 58

A) Pump blood to the lungs Explanation: The right side of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs, facilitating pulmonary circulation and the exchange of gases, making choice A the correct answer.

Question 59

Page 15

What is the consequence of left ventricular failure on the right ventricle? A) Decreased workload B) No effect on the right ventricle C) Increased workload D) Right ventricular failure E) Right ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 59

C) Increased workload Explanation: Left ventricular failure increases the workload of the right ventricle, as it has to compensate for the decreased function of the left ventricle, making choice C the correct answer.

Question 60

Page 15

What is the primary function of the left side of the heart? A) Pump blood to the lungs B) Pump blood to the body C) Pump blood to the brain D) Pump blood to the kidneys E) Pump blood to the liver

Answer 60

B) Pump blood to the body Explanation: The left side of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the body, facilitating systemic circulation and delivering oxygenated blood to the tissues, making choice B the correct answer.

Question 61

Page 15

What is the result of right side heart failure? A) Failure to pump blood to the body B) Failure to pump blood to the kidneys C) Failure to pump blood to the lungs D) Failure to pump blood to the brain E) Failure to pump blood to the liver

Answer 61

C) Failure to pump blood to the lungs Explanation: Right side heart failure results in the failure to pump blood to the lungs, affecting pulmonary circulation and gas exchange, making choice C the correct answer.

Question 62

Page 15

What is the relationship between right side heart failure and left side heart failure? A) They are unrelated B) Right side failure causes left side failure C) Left side failure causes right side failure D) They occur independently E) They have no impact on each other

Answer 62

C) Left side failure causes right side failure Explanation: Right side heart failure is normally a result of left side heart failure, as the failure of the left ventricle increases the workload of the right ventricle, making choice C the correct answer.

Question 63

Page 16

What determines the consequence of heart failure? A) Systolic or diastolic B) Left or right C) Both systolic and diastolic D) Both left and right E) None of the above

Answer 63

C) Both systolic and diastolic Explanation: The consequence of heart failure can depend on both systolic and diastolic functions, as well as whether it occurs on the left or right side of the heart. These factors can be interdependent and influence each other, making the assessment and management of heart failure complex.

Question 64

Page 17

What is the primary cause of left heart failure? A) High blood pressure B) Low salt intake C) Regular exercise D) Smoking E) Genetic factors

Answer 64

A) High blood pressure Explanation: Left heart failure is primarily caused by conditions such as high blood pressure, which can lead to the heart's inability to effectively pump blood to the rest of the body, resulting in left-sided heart failure.

Question 65

Page 17

What is the main consequence of left heart failure? A) Fluid accumulation in the lungs B) Swelling in the legs and ankles C) Increased heart rate D) Low blood pressure E) Elevated cholesterol levels

Answer 65

A) Fluid accumulation in the lungs Explanation: Left heart failure often leads to the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, causing symptoms such as shortness of breath and coughing, which are characteristic of this type of heart failure.

Question 66

Page 17

How does left heart failure affect the body's oxygen supply? A) It increases oxygen supply to the body B) It has no effect on oxygen supply C) It decreases oxygen supply to the body D) It regulates oxygen supply E) It enhances oxygen absorption

Answer 66

C) It decreases oxygen supply to the body Explanation: Left heart failure reduces the heart's ability to pump oxygen-rich blood to the body, resulting in decreased oxygen supply to the tissues and organs, leading to symptoms of fatigue and weakness.

Question 67

Page 18

What is the primary function of the left side of the heart? A) Pumps blood to the lungs B) Pumps blood to the digestive system C) Pumps blood to the systemic circulation (rest of the body) D) Pumps blood to the kidneys E) Pumps blood to the brain

Answer 67

C) Pumps blood to the systemic circulation (rest of the body) Explanation: The left side of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the systemic circulation, which supplies blood to the rest of the body, highlighting its crucial role in the circulatory system.

Question 68

Page 18

What does left heart failure (LHF) indicate? A) The left ventricle is pumping too much blood to the body B) The left ventricle is not pumping enough blood to the body C) The left atrium is not functioning properly D) The left ventricle is not receiving enough blood E) The left ventricle is enlarged

Answer 68

B) The left ventricle is not pumping enough blood to the body Explanation: Left heart failure (LHF) signifies that the left ventricle is not adequately pumping blood to the body, leading to potential systemic circulation issues and reduced blood flow to vital organs.

Question 69

Page 18

Which of the following is a common cause of left heart failure? A) Anemia B) Coronary artery disease C) Lung infection D) Dehydration E) Bone fracture

Answer 69

B) Coronary artery disease Explanation: Coronary artery disease is a common cause of left heart failure, as it can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, potentially resulting in myocardial infarction and subsequent heart failure.

Question 70

Page 18

What type of failure does left heart failure usually lead to? A) Systolic failure B) Diastolic failure C) Atrial failure D) Ventricular failure E) Cardiac arrest

Answer 70

A) Systolic failure Explanation: Left heart failure usually leads to systolic failure, which is characterized by the heart's inability to contract effectively and pump an adequate amount of blood to the body.

Question 71

Page 18

What is a common outcome of left heart failure? A) Increased blood flow to the body B) Reduced blood pressure C) Reduced blood flow to the body D) Enlargement of the left ventricle E) Improved cardiac function

Answer 71

C) Reduced blood flow to the body Explanation: Left heart failure commonly leads to reduced blood flow to the body, which can result in systemic circulation issues and decreased delivery of oxygenated blood to tissues and organs.

Question 72

Page 19

What happens to the contraction of the heart in left heart failure? A) It becomes stronger B) It remains the same C) It becomes weaker D) It stops completely E) It becomes irregular

Answer 72

C) It becomes weaker Explanation: In left heart failure, there is a decrease in the strength of the heart's contraction, leading to reduced systolic function and impacting the overall pumping ability of the heart.

Question 73

Page 19

What happens to the End-Systolic Volume (ESV) in left heart failure? A) It decreases B) It remains the same C) It increases D) It becomes irregular E) It stops completely

Answer 73

C) It increases Explanation: Left heart failure results in an increased End-Systolic Volume (ESV), indicating that the heart is unable to effectively pump out as much blood during each contraction, leading to a higher volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction.

Question 74

Page 19

What happens to the Stroke Volume (SV) in left heart failure? A) It increases B) It remains the same C) It decreases D) It becomes irregular E) It stops completely

Answer 74

C) It decreases Explanation: In left heart failure, there is a reduction in Stroke Volume (SV), which represents the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction. This decrease contributes to the overall decrease in cardiac output.

Question 75

Page 19

What happens to the Cardiac Output (CO) in left heart failure? A) It increases B) It remains the same C) It decreases D) It becomes irregular E) It stops completely

Answer 75

C) It decreases Explanation: Left heart failure leads to a reduction in Cardiac Output (CO), which is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. This decrease is a result of the reduced Stroke Volume and contributes to the overall compromised function of the heart.

Question 76

Page 19

What is the relationship between Stroke Volume (SV) and End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) and End-Systolic Volume (ESV)? A) SV = EDV + ESV B) SV = EDV - ESV C) SV = EDV x ESV D) SV = EDV / ESV E) SV = EDV % ESV

Answer 76

B) SV = EDV - ESV Explanation: The relationship between Stroke Volume (SV), End-Diastolic Volume (EDV), and End-Systolic Volume (ESV) is represented by the equation SV = EDV - ESV. This equation illustrates the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction, taking into account the volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction.

Question 77

Page 20

What happens to the ventricular volume in left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction? A) It increases B) It remains the same C) It decreases D) It fluctuates E) It is not affected

Answer 77

C) It decreases Explanation: In left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction, the ventricular volume decreases due to the impaired relaxation and filling of the ventricle, leading to reduced end-diastolic volume (EDV) and subsequent decrease in stroke volume (SV). This contributes to the characteristic symptoms of heart failure.

Question 78

Page 20

What happens to the end-diastolic volume (EDV) in left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction? A) It increases B) It remains the same C) It decreases D) It fluctuates E) It is not affected

Answer 78

A) It increases Explanation: In left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction, the end-diastolic volume (EDV) increases due to impaired ventricular relaxation and filling, leading to reduced ventricular compliance. This contributes to the characteristic symptoms of heart failure.

Question 79

Page 20

What happens to the stroke volume (SV) in left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction? A) It increases B) It remains the same C) It decreases D) It fluctuates E) It is not affected

Answer 79

C) It decreases Explanation: In left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction, the stroke volume (SV) decreases due to the impaired relaxation and filling of the ventricle, resulting in reduced ventricular ejection fraction. This contributes to the characteristic symptoms of heart failure.

Question 80

Page 20

What happens to the cardiac output (CO) in left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction? A) It increases B) It remains the same C) It decreases D) It fluctuates E) It is not affected

Answer 80

C) It decreases Explanation: In left heart failure with diastolic dysfunction, the cardiac output (CO) decreases due to the reduced stroke volume (SV) and impaired ventricular function, leading to inadequate perfusion of tissues and organs. This contributes to the characteristic symptoms of heart failure.

Question 81

Page 21

What is ventricular remodeling in the context of compensatory mechanisms? A) A process of reducing heart size B) A physical remodeling of the heart structure C) A decrease in myocyte size D) A reduction in myofibril contraction E) A decrease in sarcomere formation

Answer 81

B) A physical remodeling of the heart structure Explanation: Ventricular remodeling refers to the physical restructuring of the heart's structure as an adaptive response to maintain cardiac output, involving changes in myocyte size, myofibril contraction, and sarcomere formation.

Question 82

Page 21

What are myocytes filled with that act as the functional units of the heart? A) Myofibrils B) Sarcomeres C) Myofilaments D) Hypertrophy E) Ventricles

Answer 82

A) Myofibrils Explanation: Myocytes are filled with myofibrils, which are the functional units of the heart responsible for contraction, highlighting their crucial role in the heart's pumping action.

Question 83

Page 21

What do sarcomeres link together to form in the heart? A) Myofibrils B) Myocytes C) Hypertrophy D) Ventricles E) Myofilaments

Answer 83

A) Myofibrils Explanation: Sarcomeres link together in a chain to form myofibrils, which are essential for the contraction and pumping function of the heart, demonstrating the interconnected nature of the heart's structural components.

Question 84

Page 21

What are sarcomeres composed of in the heart? A) Myofibrils B) Myocytes C) Hypertrophy D) Ventricles E) Myofilaments

Answer 84

E) Myofilaments Explanation: Sarcomeres are composed of myofilaments, which serve as the contracting units in the heart, playing a vital role in the heart's ability to pump blood throughout the body.

Question 85

Page 21

What is eccentric or concentric in the context of hypertrophy? A) Types of heart valves B) Types of ventricular remodeling C) Types of myocyte contraction D) Types of heart muscle increase E) Types of heart failure

Answer 85

D) Types of heart muscle increase Explanation: Hypertrophy can be eccentric or concentric, indicating different types of heart muscle increase, with eccentric hypertrophy resulting in an increase in heart size but less functional capacity, highlighting the impact on heart structure and function.

Question 86

Page 22

What is the characteristic of sarcomeres added in series? A) The muscle thickens B) The muscle lengthens C) The muscle contracts D) The muscle shortens E) The muscle expands

Answer 86

B) The muscle lengthens Explanation: Sarcomeres added in series result in the muscle lengthening, which is a characteristic of eccentric hypertrophy. This type of hypertrophy tends to occur with systolic heart failure.

Question 87

Page 22

Which type of hypertrophy tends to happen with diastolic heart failure? A) Concentric hypertrophy B) Eccentric hypertrophy C) Normal hypertrophy D) Abnormal hypertrophy E) Systolic hypertrophy

Answer 87

A) Concentric hypertrophy Explanation: Concentric hypertrophy tends to happen with diastolic heart failure, characterized by the addition of sarcomeres in parallel and resulting in the thickening of the muscle.

Question 88

Page 22

In which type of hypertrophy are sarcomeres added in parallel? A) Eccentric hypertrophy B) Concentric hypertrophy C) Normal hypertrophy D) Abnormal hypertrophy E) Systolic hypertrophy

Answer 88

B) Concentric hypertrophy Explanation: Sarcomeres added in parallel are characteristic of concentric hypertrophy, leading to the thickening of the muscle. This type of hypertrophy tends to occur with diastolic heart failure.

Question 89

Page 22

What happens to the muscle in concentric hypertrophy? A) It lengthens B) It contracts C) It expands D) It thickens E) It shortens

Answer 89

D) It thickens Explanation: In concentric hypertrophy, the muscle thickens due to the addition of sarcomeres in parallel. This type of hypertrophy tends to happen with diastolic heart failure.

Question 90

Page 22

What type of hypertrophy tends to occur with systolic heart failure? A) Concentric hypertrophy B) Eccentric hypertrophy C) Normal hypertrophy D) Abnormal hypertrophy E) Diastolic hypertrophy

Answer 90

B) Eccentric hypertrophy Explanation: Eccentric hypertrophy tends to occur with systolic heart failure, characterized by the addition of sarcomeres in series and resulting in the lengthening of the muscle.

Question 91

Page 23

What are sarcomeres composed of? A) Only thin filaments B) Only thick filaments C) Both thin and thick filaments D) Only myosin E) Only actin

Answer 91

C) Both thin and thick filaments Explanation: Sarcomeres, the basic contractile units of muscle fibers, are composed of both thin and thick filaments, which play a crucial role in muscle contraction and relaxation.

Question 92

Page 23

What is the composition of the thick filament in sarcomeres? A) Actin B) Myosin C) Troponin D) Tropomyosin E) Titin

Answer 92

B) Myosin Explanation: The thick filament in sarcomeres is composed of myosin, a key protein that interacts with actin to generate muscle contraction, making it a fundamental component of the sarcomere structure.

Question 93

Page 23

In heart failure, what is the shift in myosin isoforms observed in altered myocytes? A) Shift to fast-α myosin B) No shift in myosin isoforms C) Shift to slow-β myosin D) Shift to both fast-α and slow-β myosin E) Shift to troponin isoforms

Answer 93

C) Shift to slow-β myosin Explanation: In heart failure, there is a shift to the slow-β myosin isoform in altered myocytes, which contributes to the inefficiency of contraction and abnormal contractility, impacting the pumping ability of the heart.

Question 94

Page 23

What effect does the shift to slow-β myosin have on the efficiency of contraction in the heart? A) Increases efficiency B) No effect on efficiency C) Decreases efficiency D) Halts contraction E) Causes irregular contraction

Answer 94

C) Decreases efficiency Explanation: The shift to slow-β myosin in heart failure leads to a decrease in the efficiency of contraction, contributing to abnormal contractility and impaired pumping ability of the heart.

Question 95

Page 23

How does altered Ca2+ signaling contribute to inefficient contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle? A) Ca2+ levels remain constant B) Ca2+ levels increase C) Ca2+ levels decrease D) Ca2+ levels fluctuate rapidly E) Ca2+ levels decrease and stay around longer

Answer 95

E) Ca2+ levels decrease and stay around longer Explanation: Altered Ca2+ signaling in heart failure leads to lower levels of Ca2+ and prolonged presence, contributing to inefficient contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle, ultimately impairing the heart's pumping ability.

Question 96

Page 24

What is ventricular remodeling in relation to heart failure? A) A cause of heart failure B) A consequence of heart failure C) Both a cause and a consequence of heart failure D) Unrelated to heart failure E) A treatment for heart failure

Answer 96

C) Both a cause and a consequence of heart failure Explanation: Ventricular remodeling can both cause and result from heart failure. It involves changes in the size, shape, and function of the heart's ventricles, and can contribute to the progression of heart failure.

Question 97

Page 25

Which nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response? A) Central nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) C) Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) D) Autonomic nervous system E) Peripheral nervous system

Answer 97

B) Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) Explanation: The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response, leading to increased heart rate, contractility of ventricle cardiomyocytes, and vasoconstriction as part of the body's stress response.

Question 98

Page 25

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) have on heart rate? A) Increases heart rate B) Decreases heart rate C) No influence on heart rate D) Stops heart rate E) Irregular heart rate

Answer 98

B) Decreases heart rate Explanation: The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response, leading to a decrease in heart rate as part of the body's relaxation response.

Question 99

Page 25

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating heart activity? A) It has no influence on heart activity B) It increases heart rate C) It decreases heart rate D) It regulates heart contractility E) It controls blood pressure

Answer 99

D) It regulates heart contractility Explanation: The autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, plays a crucial role in regulating heart activity, including the contractility of the heart muscle, in response to different physiological demands.

Question 100

Page 25

What does the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) increase in addition to heart rate? A) Blood pressure B) Heart size C) Lung capacity D) Digestive activity E) Bone density

Answer 100

A) Blood pressure Explanation: In addition to increasing heart rate, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) also increases vasoconstriction, leading to an elevation in blood pressure as part of the 'fight or flight' response.

Question 101

Page 25

Which nervous system is associated with the 'rest and digest' response? A) Central nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) C) Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) D) Autonomic nervous system E) Peripheral nervous system

Answer 101

C) Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) Explanation: The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is associated with the 'rest and digest' response, leading to a decrease in heart rate and promoting relaxation and digestive activities.

Question 102

Page 26

Where are the baroreceptors located in the body? A) In the lungs B) In the liver C) In the carotid sinus and aortic arch D) In the kidneys E) In the stomach

Answer 102

C) In the carotid sinus and aortic arch Explanation: Baroreceptors are present in the carotid sinus and aortic arch, where they detect and respond to changes in blood pressure, playing a crucial role in the baroreceptor reflex mechanism.

Question 103

Page 26

What happens when the baroreceptors detect low blood pressure? A) They signal the brain to decrease sympathetic nervous activity B) They cause vasoconstriction C) They increase parasympathetic nervous system activity D) They signal the brain to increase sympathetic nervous activity E) They have no effect on the nervous system

Answer 103

D) They signal the brain to increase sympathetic nervous activity Explanation: When baroreceptors detect low blood pressure, they signal the medulla (brainstem) to alter nervous system activity, leading to an increase in sympathetic nervous activity, heart rate, ventricle contractility, stroke volume, and cardiac output, as well as vasoconstriction and an increase in mean arterial pressure.

Question 104

Page 26

What is the effect of vasoconstriction in the baroreceptor reflex mechanism? A) It decreases total peripheral resistance (TPR) B) It decreases mean arterial pressure (MAP) C) It increases heart rate (HR) D) It increases stroke volume (SV) E) It has no effect on blood pressure

Answer 104

A) It decreases total peripheral resistance (TPR) Explanation: Vasoconstriction in the baroreceptor reflex mechanism leads to an increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), contributing to the regulation of blood pressure in response to changes detected by the baroreceptors.

Question 105

Page 26

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the baroreceptor reflex mechanism? A) It increases heart rate (HR) B) It decreases cardiac output (CO) C) It causes vasodilation D) It decreases total peripheral resistance (TPR) E) It has no role in the mechanism

Answer 105

E) It has no role in the mechanism Explanation: The parasympathetic nervous system does not play a direct role in the baroreceptor reflex mechanism, as it is primarily associated with the regulation of heart rate and cardiac output through the influence of the sympathetic nervous system and vasoconstriction.

Question 106

Page 26

What is the reverse response of the baroreceptor reflex mechanism when blood pressure is high? A) Decrease in heart rate (HR) B) Vasodilation C) Decrease in total peripheral resistance (TPR) D) Decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) E) Increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity

Answer 106

A) Decrease in heart rate (HR) Explanation: When blood pressure is high, the baroreceptor reflex mechanism triggers a reverse response, leading to a decrease in heart rate (HR) as a compensatory mechanism to regulate blood pressure and maintain homeostasis.

Question 107

Page 27

Where are the baroreceptors located in the body? A) In the lungs B) In the liver C) In the carotid sinus and aortic arch D) In the kidneys E) In the stomach

Answer 107

C) In the carotid sinus and aortic arch Explanation: Baroreceptors are present in the carotid sinus and aortic arch, where they detect and respond to changes in blood pressure, playing a crucial role in the baroreceptor reflex mechanism.

Question 108

Page 27

What is the role of baroreceptors when blood pressure is low? A) They signal to increase parasympathetic nervous system activity B) They signal to decrease sympathetic nervous activity C) They signal to the medulla to increase nervous system activity D) They signal to the medulla to decrease nervous system activity E) They signal to increase sympathetic nervous activity

Answer 108

E) They signal to increase sympathetic nervous activity Explanation: When blood pressure is low, baroreceptors signal to the medulla to increase sympathetic nervous activity, leading to an increase in heart rate, ventricle contractility, stroke volume, and cardiac output, as well as vasoconstriction to increase total peripheral resistance and mean arterial pressure.

Question 109

Page 27

What effect does vasoconstriction have on total peripheral resistance (TPR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP)? A) Decrease in TPR and MAP B) Increase in TPR and decrease in MAP C) Increase in TPR and MAP D) No effect on TPR and MAP E) Increase in TPR and no effect on MAP

Answer 109

C) Increase in TPR and MAP Explanation: Vasoconstriction leads to an increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), contributing to the compensatory mechanisms in response to changes in blood pressure.

Question 110

Page 27

What happens to the parasympathetic nervous system activity when blood pressure is low? A) It increases B) It decreases C) It remains unchanged D) It signals to increase sympathetic nervous activity E) It signals to decrease sympathetic nervous activity

Answer 110

B) It decreases Explanation: When blood pressure is low, there is a decrease in parasympathetic nervous system activity, leading to an increase in heart rate and contributing to the compensatory mechanisms to maintain blood pressure.

Question 111

Page 27

What is the reverse response of the baroreceptor reflex when blood pressure is high? A) Increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity B) Decrease in sympathetic nervous activity C) Decrease in heart rate D) Vasodilation E) Decrease in total peripheral resistance

Answer 111

B) Decrease in sympathetic nervous activity Explanation: When blood pressure is high, the baroreceptor reflex leads to a decrease in sympathetic nervous activity, resulting in a decrease in heart rate, vasodilation, and a decrease in total peripheral resistance, as part of the reverse response to maintain blood pressure.

Question 112

Page 28

What happens to blood pressure in left heart failure due to lower cardiac output? A) It remains the same B) It increases C) It drops D) It fluctuates E) It becomes erratic

Answer 112

C) It drops Explanation: In left heart failure, the decrease in cardiac output leads to a drop in blood pressure, as the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, resulting in a compensatory response.

Question 113

Page 28

What is the role of the baroreceptor reflex in response to left heart failure? A) It inhibits sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation B) It stimulates parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activation C) It has no effect on the autonomic nervous system D) It triggers the release of catecholamines E) It increases heart rate

Answer 113

B) It stimulates parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activation Explanation: The baroreceptor reflex, in response to left heart failure, stimulates parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activation as a compensatory mechanism to counteract the persistent sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation.

Question 114

Page 28

What effect does the persistent SNS activation have on the heart in left heart failure? A) It decreases heart rate B) It desensitizes the heart C) It increases parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) control D) It reduces blood pressure E) It inhibits the release of catecholamines

Answer 114

B) It desensitizes the heart Explanation: The persistent sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation in left heart failure leads to the release of noradrenaline, which pummels the failing heart and causes it to become desensitized, eventually resulting in the loss of the heart's ability to respond to the SNS.

Question 115

Page 28

What happens to the control of heart rate (HR) in left heart failure? A) It is enhanced by the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) B) It is lost due to persistent SNS activation C) It becomes erratic due to fluctuating blood pressure D) It is unaffected by the autonomic nervous system E) It is regulated by the release of catecholamines

Answer 115

B) It is lost due to persistent SNS activation Explanation: In left heart failure, the persistent sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation leads to the loss of parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) control of heart rate (HR), resulting in the unabated stimulation of the heart by the SNS.

Question 116

Page 28

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) in normally regulating heart rate (HR)? A) It stimulates the release of catecholamines B) It desensitizes the heart C) It inhibits sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation D) It increases blood pressure E) It has no effect on heart rate

Answer 116

C) It inhibits sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation Explanation: The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is normally responsible for inhibiting sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation and regulating heart rate (HR) to maintain a balanced autonomic nervous system control.

Question 117

Page 29

What triggers the release of renin in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)? A) Increased blood flow to the kidney B) Decreased blood flow to the kidney C) Increased production of aldosterone D) Decreased production of angiotensin II E) Increased absorption of Na+ and water

Answer 117

B) Decreased blood flow to the kidney Explanation: A decrease in blood flow to the kidney triggers the release of renin in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), initiating the cascade of events that lead to increased blood volume and blood pressure.

Question 118

Page 29

What is the effect of increased production of aldosterone in the RAAS? A) Decreased absorption of Na+ and water B) Increased absorption of K+ C) Increased absorption of Na+ and water D) Decreased blood volume E) Decreased blood pressure

Answer 118

C) Increased absorption of Na+ and water Explanation: Increased production of aldosterone in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) leads to the increased absorption of Na+ and water, contributing to the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.

Question 119

Page 29

What is the relationship between increased blood volume and preload in the context of the RAAS? A) Increased blood volume leads to decreased preload B) Increased blood volume has no effect on preload C) Increased blood volume leads to increased preload D) Increased blood volume leads to increased afterload E) Increased blood volume leads to decreased afterload

Answer 119

C) Increased blood volume leads to increased preload Explanation: In the context of the RAAS, increased blood volume leads to increased end-diastolic volume (EDV), which in turn increases preload, contributing to the regulation of cardiac output.

Question 120

Page 29

What is the effect of increased end-diastolic volume (EDV) on stroke volume (SV) in the context of the RAAS? A) Increased EDV leads to decreased SV B) Increased EDV has no effect on SV C) Increased EDV leads to increased SV D) Increased EDV leads to increased cardiac output (CO) E) Increased EDV leads to decreased blood pressure

Answer 120

C) Increased EDV leads to increased SV Explanation: In the context of the RAAS, increased end-diastolic volume (EDV) leads to increased stroke volume (SV), which subsequently contributes to increased cardiac output and blood pressure.

Question 121

Page 29

What is the effect of angiotensin II on blood pressure in the RAAS? A) It leads to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure B) It has no effect on blood pressure C) It leads to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure D) It leads to decreased cardiac output and blood pressure E) It leads to increased heart rate and decreased blood pressure

Answer 121

C) It leads to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure Explanation: Angiotensin II, as part of the RAAS, leads to vasoconstriction, which contributes to increased blood pressure by narrowing the blood vessels.

Question 122

Page 30

What is the initial response triggered by a decrease in blood flow to the kidney? A) Release of aldosterone B) Release of angiotensin II C) Release of renin D) Increased absorption of Na+ and water E) Increased blood volume

Answer 122

C) Release of renin Explanation: A decrease in blood flow to the kidney triggers the release of renin, which is the initial step in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and leads to subsequent compensatory mechanisms.

Question 123

Page 30

What is the effect of increased production of aldosterone in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)? A) Increased absorption of Na+ and water B) Decreased blood volume C) Decreased blood pressure D) Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity E) Increased heart rate

Answer 123

A) Increased absorption of Na+ and water Explanation: Increased production of aldosterone leads to increased absorption of Na+ and water, contributing to the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure as part of the compensatory mechanisms.

Question 124

Page 30

What is the impact of increased ventricular filling on stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO)? A) Decreased SV and CO B) No effect on SV and CO C) Increased SV and CO D) Increased SV and decreased CO E) Decreased SV and increased CO

Answer 124

C) Increased SV and CO Explanation: Increased ventricular filling leads to increased stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO), as the heart pumps out more blood with each contraction, contributing to the regulation of blood pressure and overall cardiac function.

Question 125

Page 30

What is the role of angiotensin II in the compensatory mechanisms of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)? A) Vasodilation B) Decreased blood pressure C) Fluid excretion D) Vasoconstriction E) Reduced sympathetic nervous system activity

Answer 125

D) Vasoconstriction Explanation: Angiotensin II induces vasoconstriction, leading to an increase in blood pressure as part of the compensatory mechanisms in response to decreased blood flow to the kidney.

Question 126

Page 30

What exacerbates the vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II in the compensatory mechanisms? A) Increased sympathetic nervous system innervation B) Decreased fluid retention C) Decreased fluid volume D) Decreased ventricular filling E) Decreased cardiac output

Answer 126

A) Increased sympathetic nervous system innervation Explanation: The vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II is exacerbated by increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervation, contributing to the overall regulation of blood pressure and fluid volume in the compensatory mechanisms.

Question 127

Page 31

What is the goal of the SNS and RAAS in overdrive in relation to the heart? A) To decrease heart rate and stroke volume B) To maintain normal cardiac output C) To compensate for lower cardiac output D) To reduce ventricular hypertrophy E) To increase blood pressure

Answer 127

C) To compensate for lower cardiac output Explanation: The SNS and RAAS are in overdrive to increase heart rate and stroke volume in order to compensate for lower cardiac output resulting from dysfunction of the left side of the heart, illustrating the body's attempt to maintain adequate circulation.

Question 128

Page 31

What is the consequence of the extra pressure on the ventricles caused by the SNS and RAAS in overdrive? A) Decrease in ventricular hypertrophy B) Increase in cardiac output C) Maintenance of normal heart function D) More ventricular hypertrophy E) Reduction in blood pressure

Answer 128

D) More ventricular hypertrophy Explanation: The extra pressure on the ventricles leads to more ventricular hypertrophy, which in turn causes a continued drop in cardiac output, highlighting the detrimental impact of prolonged overstimulation of the heart.

Question 129

Page 31

What is the result of extreme left ventricular hypertrophy in the context of the heart's function? A) Increase in cardiac output B) Maintenance of normal heart function C) Continuation of the compensatory cycle D) Decrease in heart rate and stroke volume E) Restoration of normal circulation

Answer 129

C) Continuation of the compensatory cycle Explanation: Extreme left ventricular hypertrophy leads to a continuation of the compensatory cycle, perpetuating the detrimental effects on cardiac output and contributing to a cycle of declining heart function.

Question 130

Page 32

What is the primary cause of tissue swelling in Heart Failure? A) Increased heart rate B) Decreased blood volume C) Reduced venous pressure D) Increased venous pressure E) Reduced fluid extravasation

Answer 130

D) Increased venous pressure Explanation: Tissue swelling in Heart Failure is primarily caused by increased venous pressure, which promotes fluid extravasation and accumulation in tissues, leading to swelling. This is a result of the heart not effectively pumping blood, causing a backup of venous blood and reduced blood flow out of the heart.

Question 131

Page 32

What happens to blood flow out of the heart in Heart Failure? A) It increases B) It remains the same C) It slows down D) It becomes erratic E) It reverses direction

Answer 131

C) It slows down Explanation: In Heart Failure, blood flow out of the heart slows down, leading to a backup of venous blood returning to the heart through the veins. This reduced blood flow contributes to the development of tissue swelling and other symptoms associated with Heart Failure.

Question 132

Page 32

What promotes fluid extravasation in Heart Failure? A) Reduced venous pressure B) Increased heart rate C) Decreased blood volume D) Increased venous pressure E) Reduced fluid accumulation

Answer 132

D) Increased venous pressure Explanation: Increased venous pressure in Heart Failure promotes fluid extravasation, causing fluid to move from the vasculature to within tissues. This process leads to the accumulation of fluid in tissues and subsequent swelling, which is a characteristic feature of Heart Failure.

Question 133

Page 32

Where does fluid accumulate in Heart Failure, and what determines its location? A) In the brain, determined by the type of failure B) In the liver, determined by the type of failure C) In the kidneys, determined by the type of failure D) In the lungs for LHF and in the rest of the body for RHF E) In the heart, determined by the type of failure

Answer 133

D) In the lungs for LHF and in the rest of the body for RHF Explanation: In Heart Failure, fluid accumulates in the lungs for Left Heart Failure (LHF) and in the rest of the body for Right Heart Failure (RHF). The location of the swelling is dependent on the type of heart failure, with distinct patterns observed for LHF and RHF.

Question 134

Page 32

What is the outcome of increased venous pressure in Heart Failure? A) Reduced blood volume B) Reduced fluid extravasation C) Reduced tissue swelling D) Increased fluid accumulation in tissues E) Increased heart rate

Answer 134

D) Increased fluid accumulation in tissues Explanation: Increased venous pressure in Heart Failure leads to increased fluid accumulation in tissues, resulting in swelling. This process is a consequence of the heart's reduced effectiveness as a pump, which causes a backup of venous blood and promotes fluid extravasation.

Question 135

Page 33

What causes fluid to build up in the body? A) Net movement of fluid into veins and capillaries under normal conditions B) Net movement of fluid out of veins and capillaries under normal conditions C) Increase in tissue hydrostatic pressure D) Decrease in venous pressure E) Increase in lymphatic drainage

Answer 135

A) Net movement of fluid into veins and capillaries under normal conditions Explanation: Under normal conditions, there is a net movement of fluid into veins and capillaries. This process is essential for maintaining fluid balance in the body.

Question 136

Page 33

In heart failure, what happens to the movement of fluid in the body? A) Fluid moves from the veins and capillaries into the tissues B) Fluid moves into the veins and capillaries from the tissues C) Tissue hydrostatic pressure decreases D) Venous pressure decreases E) Lymphatic drainage increases

Answer 136

A) Fluid moves from the veins and capillaries into the tissues Explanation: In heart failure, the increase in venous pressure overrides the tissue hydrostatic pressure, leading to a net movement of fluid from the veins and capillaries into the tissues. This contributes to the accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body.

Question 137

Page 33

Which part of the body is affected by fluid accumulation in left heart failure? A) Lungs B) Rest of the body C) Legs D) Liver E) Spleen

Answer 137

A) Lungs Explanation: In left heart failure, the accumulation of fluid primarily affects the lungs, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath and pulmonary congestion.

Question 138

Page 33

Which part of the body is affected by fluid accumulation in right heart failure? A) Lungs B) Rest of the body C) Legs D) Liver E) Spleen

Answer 138

B) Rest of the body Explanation: In right heart failure, the accumulation of fluid primarily affects the rest of the body, including the legs, liver, spleen, and abdomen. This can lead to peripheral edema and abdominal distension.

Question 139

Page 34

What is the primary cause of pulmonary oedema? A) Failure of the right ventricle B) Failure of the left ventricle C) Failure of the atria D) Failure of the pulmonary artery E) Failure of the aorta

Answer 139

B) Failure of the left ventricle Explanation: Pulmonary oedema is primarily associated with the failure of the left ventricle to pump out enough blood it receives from the lungs, leading to increased pressure inside the left atrium and subsequently in the veins and capillaries in the lungs, causing fluid to be pushed into the air sacs. This results in less efficient gas exchange and a lack of oxygen to tissues.

Question 140

Page 34

What happens to the alveoli in left heart failure? A) They are filled with air B) They are empty C) They are filled with blood D) They are filled with fluid E) They are collapsed

Answer 140

D) They are filled with fluid Explanation: In left heart failure, the alveoli are full of fluid instead of air, which disrupts the normal gas exchange process and leads to a lack of oxygen to the tissues, resulting in symptoms such as a sense of suffocation and shortness of breath.

Question 141

Page 35

What are the signs/symptoms of forward failure in left heart failure? A) Increased urine production B) Decreased urine production C) Regular heartbeat D) Bradycardia E) Increased appetite

Answer 141

B) Decreased urine production Explanation: Forward failure in left heart failure is associated with decreased urine production, fatigue, irregular heartbeat, and tachycardia, reflecting the body's response to the heart's inability to effectively pump blood forward.

Question 142

Page 35

What are the signs/symptoms of backward failure in left heart failure? A) Increased blood being pumped out of the heart B) Pulmonary oedema C) Clear lungs D) Decreased breathing difficulty E) Increased energy levels

Answer 142

B) Pulmonary oedema Explanation: Backward failure in left heart failure leads to pulmonary oedema, congested lungs, shortness of breath, coughing fluid, wheezes, crackles, confusion, and cyanosis, indicating the accumulation of fluid in the lungs due to the heart's inability to effectively pump blood out of the heart.

Question 143

Page 35

What is the perpetuating loop of alterations mentioned in left heart failure? A) Alterations to the digestive system B) Alterations to the respiratory system C) Alterations to the nervous system D) Alterations to the muscular system E) Alterations to the myocytes, RAAS activity, and SNS activity

Answer 143

E) Alterations to the myocytes, RAAS activity, and SNS activity Explanation: Left heart failure involves a perpetuating loop of alterations to the myocytes, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity, and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, which contribute to the progression and impact of the condition on the body.

Question 144

Page 36

What is the primary characteristic of left heart failure? A) Low blood pressure B) High blood pressure C) Irregular heart rhythm D) Decreased heart rate E) Fluid accumulation in the lungs

Answer 144

E) Fluid accumulation in the lungs Explanation: Left heart failure is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath and coughing. This is a result of the heart's inability to effectively pump blood from the lungs to the rest of the body.

Question 145

Page 36

What is a common symptom of left heart failure? A) Swelling in the legs B) Chest pain C) Nausea and vomiting D) Blurred vision E) Fatigue and weakness

Answer 145

A) Swelling in the legs Explanation: Swelling in the legs, also known as peripheral edema, is a common symptom of left heart failure. It occurs due to the buildup of fluid in the body as a result of the heart's inability to effectively pump blood.

Question 146

Page 36

How does left heart failure affect the lungs? A) It decreases lung capacity B) It causes fluid accumulation in the lungs C) It leads to lung inflammation D) It increases oxygen levels in the blood E) It improves respiratory function

Answer 146

B) It causes fluid accumulation in the lungs Explanation: Left heart failure results in the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. This can significantly impact respiratory function and overall lung health.

Question 147

Page 36

What role does the left ventricle play in left heart failure? A) It pumps blood to the lungs B) It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs C) It regulates heart rate D) It prevents fluid accumulation in the lungs E) It becomes weakened and ineffective

Answer 147

E) It becomes weakened and ineffective Explanation: In left heart failure, the left ventricle becomes weakened and ineffective, leading to the accumulation of blood in the lungs and the subsequent development of symptoms such as shortness of breath and pulmonary edema.

Question 148

Page 36

What is the impact of left heart failure on the body's circulation? A) It increases blood flow to the extremities B) It decreases blood flow to the brain C) It impairs blood flow to the lungs D) It disrupts normal blood circulation E) It causes blood to pool in the abdomen

Answer 148

D) It disrupts normal blood circulation Explanation: Left heart failure disrupts normal blood circulation, leading to inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to the body's tissues and organs. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and reduced exercise tolerance.

Question 149

Page 37

What is the primary method for diagnosing heart failure? A) Blood test B) X-ray C) Echocardiogram D) Urine test E) Electrocardiogram

Answer 149

C) Echocardiogram Explanation: The primary method for diagnosing heart failure is through an echocardiogram, which allows for the visualization of the heart's structure and function, aiding in the assessment of its pumping ability and identifying any abnormalities.

Question 150

Page 38

What is the term for the condition characterized by the altered balance of the autonomic nervous system, resulting in increased sympathetic nervous system activity and decreased parasympathetic nervous system activity? A) Myocardial infarction B) Systemic hypertension C) Infective endocarditis D) Congenital heart defect E) SNS and PNS influence

Answer 150

E) SNS and PNS influence Explanation: The condition described is related to the altered influence of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), leading to changes in cardiac function and regulation.

Question 151

Page 38

What is the term for the condition characterized by the stretching of the ventricle and the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (EDV)? A) Myocardial hypertrophy B) Pump failure C) Altered myocyte integrity D) Afterload E) Preload

Answer 151

E) Preload Explanation: Preload refers to the stretch of the ventricle and the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (EDV), which influences the force of contraction and stroke volume.

Question 152

Page 38

What is the term for the condition characterized by the exacerbation of oxygen demand leading to pump failure and resulting in hypoxia, pulmonary edema, and cardiomegaly? A) Myocardial infarction B) Systemic hypertension C) Infective endocarditis D) Congenital heart defect E) Heart Failure

Answer 152

E) Heart Failure Explanation: Heart failure is the condition described, which involves the inability of the heart to pump blood effectively, leading to various symptoms such as hypoxia, pulmonary edema, and cardiomegaly.

Question 153

Page 38

What is the term for the condition characterized by the altered excitation/contraction, hypertrophy, and altered calcium mobilization in the myocardium? A) Myocardial infarction B) Cardiomyopathy C) Valve defect D) LEFT HEART FAILURE E) Precipitating event

Answer 153

B) Cardiomyopathy Explanation: Cardiomyopathy refers to the condition involving the structural and functional abnormalities of the heart muscle, leading to altered excitation/contraction, hypertrophy, and abnormal calcium handling.

Question 154

Page 38

What is the term for the condition characterized by the altered myocyte integrity and the development of myocardial infarction? A) Altered myocyte integrity B) Altered autonomic NS balance C) é SNS ê PNS D) é Preload = é stretch of ventricle = é volume of blood in ventricle at end of diastole (EDV) E) Pitting oedema

Answer 154

A) Altered myocyte integrity Explanation: Altered myocyte integrity refers to the disruption or damage to the structural integrity of myocardial cells, which can lead to conditions such as myocardial infarction and impaired cardiac function.

Question 155

Page 39

What is the primary cause of right heart failure? A) High blood pressure B) Lung disease C) Kidney failure D) Coronary artery disease E) Diabetes

Answer 155

B) Lung disease Explanation: Right heart failure is commonly caused by lung disease, which leads to increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation and subsequent strain on the right side of the heart.

Question 156

Page 39

Which chamber of the heart is primarily affected in right heart failure? A) Left atrium B) Right atrium C) Left ventricle D) Right ventricle E) Aorta

Answer 156

D) Right ventricle Explanation: Right heart failure primarily affects the right ventricle, leading to inadequate pumping of blood to the lungs and causing congestion in the systemic circulation.

Question 157

Page 39

What is a common symptom of right heart failure? A) Shortness of breath B) Chest pain C) Nausea D) Muscle weakness E) Headache

Answer 157

A) Shortness of breath Explanation: Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity or when lying flat, is a common symptom of right heart failure due to the impaired ability of the heart to pump blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

Question 158

Page 39

How does right heart failure affect systemic circulation? A) It increases blood flow to the body B) It decreases blood pressure in the body C) It causes congestion in the body's organs D) It has no impact on systemic circulation E) It reduces blood volume in the body

Answer 158

C) It causes congestion in the body's organs Explanation: Right heart failure leads to congestion in the systemic circulation, resulting in fluid accumulation in the body's organs and tissues, leading to symptoms such as swelling and fluid retention.

Question 159

Page 39

What effect does right heart failure have on the liver? A) Decreased blood flow to the liver B) Increased liver function C) Liver shrinkage D) Liver enlargement E) No effect on the liver

Answer 159

D) Liver enlargement Explanation: Right heart failure can lead to liver enlargement due to congestion in the hepatic circulation, resulting in impaired liver function and potential complications.

Question 160

Page 40

What is the primary function of the right side of the heart? A) Pumps blood to the brain B) Pumps blood to the kidneys C) Pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit (lungs) D) Pumps blood to the liver E) Pumps blood to the digestive system

Answer 160

C) Pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit (lungs) Explanation: The right side of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the pulmonary circuit, specifically to the lungs, highlighting its crucial role in the circulatory system.

Question 161

Page 40

What does right heart failure (RHF) indicate? A) Inadequate blood supply to the body B) Inadequate blood supply to the heart C) Inadequate blood supply to the lungs D) Inadequate blood supply to the liver E) Inadequate blood supply to the brain

Answer 161

C) Inadequate blood supply to the lungs Explanation: Right heart failure (RHF) signifies that the right ventricle is not pumping enough blood to the lungs, leading to inadequate blood supply to the pulmonary circuit, which can have significant physiological implications.

Question 162

Page 40

What are common causes of right heart failure? A) Kidney failure B) Pulmonary embolism C) Liver failure D) Brain injury E) Stomach ulcer

Answer 162

B) Pulmonary embolism Explanation: Right heart failure can be commonly caused by pulmonary embolism, which is a critical condition that can lead to the right ventricle's inability to pump enough blood to the lungs, resulting in right heart failure.

Question 163

Page 40

What happens if there is a build-up of fluid in the lungs in the context of right heart failure? A) The right ventricle pumps less blood B) The right ventricle pumps more blood C) The left ventricle pumps less blood D) The left ventricle pumps more blood E) The heart stops pumping blood

Answer 163

B) The right ventricle pumps more blood Explanation: In the presence of fluid build-up in the lungs, the right ventricle needs to pump harder to push blood out, which initiates the same pathophysiological changes as with left heart failure but for the right ventricle, illustrating the impact of this condition on cardiac function.

Question 164

Page 40

What condition can kick off the same pathophysiological changes as left heart failure but for the right ventricle? A) Pulmonary embolism B) Kidney failure C) Liver failure D) Fluid build-up in the lungs E) Brain injury

Answer 164

D) Fluid build-up in the lungs Explanation: The build-up of fluid in the lungs can initiate the same pathophysiological changes as with left heart failure but for the right ventricle, indicating the potential impact of this condition on the right side of the heart.

Question 165

Page 41

What are the signs/symptoms of backward failure in right heart failure? A) Increased appetite B) Swelling of veins due to decreased venous pressure C) Weight loss D) Swelling of veins due to increased venous pressure E) Decreased heart rate

Answer 165

D) Swelling of veins due to increased venous pressure Explanation: Backward failure in right heart failure presents with symptoms such as swelling of veins due to increased venous pressure, peripheral oedema, ascites in the abdomen, and pitting oedema in the legs, indicating the congestion of fluid in the body.

Question 166

Page 41

What is a symptom of forward failure in right heart failure? A) Weight gain B) Swelling of the spleen C) Fatigue D) Tachycardia E) Swelling of the liver

Answer 166

C) Fatigue Explanation: Forward failure in right heart failure is characterized by symptoms such as fatigue and tachycardia, reflecting the inadequate pumping of blood to the lungs and the resulting impact on the body.

Question 167

Page 41

What is the consequence of not enough blood being pumped to the lungs in right heart failure? A) Peripheral oedema B) Ascites in the abdomen C) Pitting oedema in the legs D) Swelling of veins due to increased venous pressure E) Increased appetite

Answer 167

A) Peripheral oedema Explanation: In right heart failure, the inadequate pumping of blood to the lungs leads to peripheral oedema, which is the accumulation of fluid in the body due to the backward failure of the heart's function.

Question 168

Page 41

What is the term for the build-up of fluid across the body in right heart failure? A) Peripheral oedema B) Ascites C) Pitting oedema D) Splenomegaly E) Hepatomegaly

Answer 168

B) Ascites Explanation: The build-up of fluid across the body in right heart failure is referred to as ascites, which is particularly evident in the abdomen and is a characteristic sign of the condition.

Question 169

Page 41

What is a symptom of right heart failure related to the spleen? A) Ascites B) Pitting oedema in the legs C) Splenomegaly D) Swelling of veins due to increased venous pressure E) Weight gain

Answer 169

C) Splenomegaly Explanation: Right heart failure can lead to splenomegaly, which is the abnormal enlargement of the spleen, indicating the impact of the condition on the body's organs.

Question 170

Page 42

What is a visible sign of right heart failure due to an increase in venous pressure? A) Swelling of the abdomen B) Pitting edema of the legs C) Redness of the skin D) Numbness in the extremities E) Tingling sensation in the hands

Answer 170

B) Pitting edema of the legs Explanation: In right heart failure, the increase in venous pressure leads to the visible sign of pitting edema in the legs, indicating the accumulation of excessive fluid in the lower extremities.

Question 171

Page 42

What is the mechanism of peripheral edema formation in right heart failure? A) Decrease in venous pressure B) Increase in arterial pressure C) Decrease in capillary permeability D) Increase in venous pressure E) Decrease in blood volume

Answer 171

D) Increase in venous pressure Explanation: In right heart failure, the inability of the right ventricle to pump enough blood leads to an increase in venous pressure, causing fluid to be pushed through the capillary walls into the tissues, resulting in peripheral edema formation.

Question 172

Page 43

What is the term for increased resistance to blood flow out of the ventricle? A) Hypertrophy B) Pulmonary embolism C) Afterload D) Pulmonary hypertension E) Myocardial stretch

Answer 172

C) Afterload Explanation: Afterload refers to the increased resistance to blood flow out of the ventricle, which can lead to altered excitation/contraction and pump failure, ultimately impacting cardiac function.

Question 173

Page 43

Which condition results in increased resistance to blood flow out of the ventricle? A) Pulmonary embolism B) Pulmonary hypertension C) Chronic pulmonary disease D) Pulmonary edema E) Hypoxia

Answer 173

B) Pulmonary hypertension Explanation: Pulmonary hypertension is a condition that results in increased resistance to blood flow out of the ventricle, leading to altered myocyte integrity and contributing to right heart failure.

Question 174

Page 43

What is the term for the increased demand for oxygen that exacerbates the causes of pump failure? A) Hypoxia B) Ascites C) Hepatomegaly D) Splenomegaly E) Afterload

Answer 174

A) Hypoxia Explanation: Hypoxia refers to the increased demand for oxygen that exacerbates the causes of pump failure, leading to symptoms such as exercise intolerance, tachycardia, and altered myosin balance.

Question 175

Page 43

What is the term for the condition that results in altered excitation/contraction and pump failure? A) Pulmonary embolism B) Pulmonary hypertension C) Afterload D) Myocardial hypertrophy E) Chronic pulmonary disease

Answer 175

D) Myocardial hypertrophy Explanation: Myocardial hypertrophy is the condition that results in altered excitation/contraction and pump failure, leading to increased oxygen demand and symptoms such as pitting edema and altered autonomic nervous system balance.

Question 176

Page 43

What is the term for the altered balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? A) Pulmonary embolism B) Pulmonary hypertension C) Afterload D) Altered myocyte integrity E) Altered autonomic NS balance

Answer 176

E) Altered autonomic NS balance Explanation: Altered autonomic NS balance refers to the altered balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which can impact cardiac function and contribute to right heart failure.

Question 177

Page 44

What is a key strategy for preventing heart failure? A) Avoiding exercise and diet B) Increasing salt intake C) Reducing salt to decrease blood pressure D) Consuming more medications E) Reducing SNS effect on the heart

Answer 177

C) Reducing salt to decrease blood pressure Explanation: One of the prevention strategies for heart failure involves reducing salt intake to decrease blood pressure, which can help in preventing the onset or progression of heart failure.

Question 178

Page 44

How can concentric hypertrophy be reduced to prevent heart failure? A) By increasing salt intake B) By avoiding exercise and diet C) By consuming more medications D) By reducing salt intake E) By increasing SNS effect on the heart

Answer 178

D) By reducing salt intake Explanation: Reducing salt intake can help reduce concentric hypertrophy, which in turn can prevent the initiation of heart failure and the subsequent hypertrophy.

Question 179

Page 44

Which type of medications can help reduce blood pressure as a treatment for heart failure? A) Antibiotics B) Painkillers C) Beta blockers D) Antihistamines E) Antidepressants

Answer 179

C) Beta blockers Explanation: Medications such as beta blockers can be used to reduce blood pressure as part of the treatment strategy for heart failure, helping to manage the condition and its symptoms.

Question 180

Page 44

What is the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of heart failure? A) Increasing SNS effect on the heart B) Reducing salt intake C) Reducing blood pressure D) Inducing concentric hypertrophy E) Perpetuating the loop of compensatory mechanisms

Answer 180

C) Reducing blood pressure Explanation: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are used to reduce blood pressure as part of the treatment for heart failure, helping to alleviate the strain on the heart and improve its function.

Question 181

Page 45

What is the primary purpose of diuretics in the treatment of heart failure? A) To increase blood pressure B) To remove excess fluid C) To decrease heart rate D) To prevent fatigue E) To improve oxygenation of the body

Answer 181

B) To remove excess fluid Explanation: Diuretics are used in the treatment of heart failure to remove excess fluid from the body, thereby reducing blood volume and congestion, and preventing heart failure from worsening.

Question 182

Page 45

Which medication is used to target fatigue in the treatment of heart failure? A) Diuretics B) Calcium channel blockers C) Aldosterone D) Oxygenation medication E) None of the above

Answer 182

B) Calcium channel blockers Explanation: Medications such as calcium channel blockers are utilized to address fatigue in the treatment of heart failure. These medications decrease heart rate, increase filling time, end-diastolic volume (EDV), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO), thereby alleviating fatigue.

Question 183

Page 45

What is the role of calcium channel blockers in the treatment of heart failure? A) To remove excess fluid B) To decrease heart rate C) To improve oxygenation of the body D) To target congestion E) To prevent heart failure from worsening

Answer 183

B) To decrease heart rate Explanation: Calcium channel blockers are employed in the treatment of heart failure to decrease heart rate, increase filling time, end-diastolic volume (EDV), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO), thereby improving cardiac function and alleviating symptoms.

Question 184

Page 45

What is the purpose of targeting symptoms in the treatment of heart failure? A) To remove excess fluid B) To decrease heart rate C) To improve oxygenation of the body D) To alleviate congestion and fatigue E) To prevent heart failure from worsening

Answer 184

D) To alleviate congestion and fatigue Explanation: Targeting symptoms in the treatment of heart failure aims to alleviate congestion and fatigue, which are common manifestations of the condition. This approach involves addressing the patient's discomfort and improving their quality of life.

Question 185

Page 45

How do calcium channel blockers affect stroke volume in the treatment of heart failure? A) Decreases it B) Increases it C) Has no effect on it D) Reduces blood pressure E) Improves oxygenation of the body

Answer 185

B) Increases it Explanation: Calcium channel blockers, when used in the treatment of heart failure, increase stroke volume by decreasing heart rate, increasing filling time, end-diastolic volume (EDV), and ultimately enhancing cardiac output. This contributes to the improvement of cardiac function in heart failure patients.