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YEAR 3 > NURS 430 > Flashcards

NURS 430 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Health Care

A

Umbrella term - broader scope, about groups and communities (not individual)

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2
Q

Primary Care

A

Falls under PHC - Focuses on preventing, diagnosing, treating and managing conditions - focuses on individual

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3
Q

PHC Principles

A
  1. Accessibility
  2. Public Participation
  3. Health Promotion
  4. Appropriate Technology
  5. Intersectoral collaboration/cooperation
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4
Q

Health Promotion

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve health

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5
Q

Levels of Prevention

A

Primordial Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Quaternary Prevention

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6
Q

Primordial Prevention

A

Initiatives that prevent conditions that would enable risk factors to develop

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7
Q

Primary Prevention

A

Impact of specific risk factors is lessened.

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8
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

Early identification of disease and conditions and timely treatment

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9
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

Once an individual becomes symptomatic, or disease or injury is evident.

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10
Q

Quaternary Prevention

A

Actions that identify populations at risk of overmedicalization.

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11
Q

Lalonde Report (1974)

A

Focus on health, not illness
External forces influence health - biology, lifestyle

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12
Q

Community Definition

A

Group of people who live, learn, work, worship, and play in an environment at a given time - share common characteristics and interests and function within a larger social system.

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13
Q

Public Health

A

Organized efforts in society to keep people healthy and prevent injury, illness and premature death - combination of programs and services and policies that protect and promote the health of Canadians

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14
Q

Community Assessment

A

Ongoing systematic appraisal of the community - looking for trends/changes

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15
Q

Epidemiological Framework

A

CHN examines the frequency and distribution of disease/health in the population using the epidemiology triangle
a) Host-environment agent
b) CHNs determine what the community is, the host, environment and agent.

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16
Q

Community Capacity (assets) approach

A

Capacity building - strengthens the ability of the community to develop and implement health promoting initiatives
a) Deficit based: needs and problems
b) Assets approach: capacities and assets
c) Clients vs citizens
d) Consumers vs producers

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17
Q

Matuk’s community health promotion model

A

Apply community health promotion strategies to achieve collaborative community actions and improve sustainable health outcomes of the community

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18
Q

Types of Community Assessment

A

Environmental scan - windshield survey
Problem Investigation - outbreak
Needs Assessment
Resource Evaluation

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19
Q

Roles of Public Health Nurse

A

Promoting Health with Individuals
Promoting Health with Small Groups of Classrooms
School-Wide Health Promotion
Board or District-Wide and Community-Level Health Promotion

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20
Q

Program Logic Model

A

Visual tool - Helps clarify relationship between program activities and planned outcomes
Stage 1: CAT
Stage 2: SOLO

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21
Q

Stage 1: CAT

A

C: Components/Inputs - what is invested (ex. time, money, materials)
A: Activities/outputs - what is done for each component (ex. teach, delivery service)
T: Target groups - intended recipients (ex. clients, agencies)

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22
Q

Stage 2: SOLO

A

SO: Short-term outcomes (Learning)
LO: Long-term outcomes (Actions and Conditions)

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23
Q

Precede-Proceed Planning Model

A

Community oriented participatory model for creating community health promotion interventions - multiple assessments

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24
Q

SWOT Analysis

A

S: Strengths
W: Weaknesses
O: Opportunities
T: Threats

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25
Q

Formative (Process) Evaluation

A

Assessment of program implementation
a) Progress - monitor program activities
b) Relevance - is program suitable to meet the needs of the target group
c) Adequacy - extent program addresses the entire health issues defined in the assessment

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26
Q

Summative (Outcome) Evaluation

A

a) Effectiveness - client and staff satisfaction and whether program met objectives (ex. short-term - knowledge)
b) Impact - longer term results of program (ex. changes in morbidity or mortality)
c) Sustainability - long-term viability of the program

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27
Q

Economic Evaluation (Process and outcome)

A

Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) - compare program to similar objectives to determine the most cost-effective
Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) - quantify all costs and benefits

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28
Q

CHNC Practice Standards

A
  1. Health Promotion
  2. Prevention and Health Protection
  3. Health Maintenance, Restoration and Palliation
  4. Professional Relationships
  5. Capacity Building
  6. Health Equity
  7. Evidence-Informed Practice
  8. Professional Responsibility and Accountability
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29
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events and the application of this study to the control of diseases (deterrents) and other health problems

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30
Q

Distribution

A

The frequency and patterns in terms of person, place, and time (who, where, and when)

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31
Q

Determinants

A

Factors that cause or contribute to a disease or change in health

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32
Q

Deterrents

A

Factors that prevent or reduce the chance of developing a disease

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33
Q

Descriptive Epidemiology

A

Describes the distribution of health events - patterns of those events in populations

34
Q

Analytic Epidemiology

A

Searches for the determinants of health events - factors, characteristics and behaviours that determine patterns

35
Q

Host

A

Person in which health event occurs

36
Q

Agent

A

Health challenge/force that begins or continues a health event
a) biological (infection agent)
b) chemical (toxins, pesticides, smoke, alcohol, etc.)
c) physical (radiation, heat, cold, machinery, trauma, etc.)
d) others (absence of substance, psychological stress)

37
Q

Environment

A

Context that promotes the exposure of host to agent
a) physical (climate, geography, pollution)
b) biological (plants/animals - reservoir for agents)
c) social (neighborhood, housing, work, socioeconomic factors)

38
Q

Screening

A

The testing of individuals who do not have symptoms in order to detect a health problem

39
Q

Surveillance

A

The constant watching or monitoring of diseases to assess patterns and quickly identify events that do not fit the pattern

40
Q

Association

A

Reasonable evidence that a connection exists between two factors (ex. stressor and health challenge)

41
Q

Causation

A

Definite cause and effect relationship between two factors

42
Q

Criteria for Causation

A

Temporal relationship
Strength of Association
Dose-Response
Specificity
Consistency
Biologic Plausibility
Experimental Replication

43
Q

Measurements in epi - rate

A

Measure of the frequency with which an event occurs in a defined population

44
Q

Most common epi rates

A

Mortality rate = number of deaths in a population
Morbidity rate = number of cases of disease or health challenge in a population

45
Q

Morbidity - prevalence rate

A

people with disease in a given population at one point in time/total in given population at same point in time x 1000

46
Q

Morbidity - incidence rate

A

new cases of disease in population in given period/#persons at risk in the same period x1000

47
Q

Communicable Diseases

A

Illness caused by a specific infectious agent, or its toxic products that arise through transmission of that agent or its products from infected susceptible host

48
Q

Types of Communicable Diseases

A

Airbourne
Blood bourne
Foodbourne
Waterbourne

49
Q

Blood Borne Pathogen Examples

A

HIV

50
Q

Food and Water Borne Examples

A

Bacterial: Clostridium botulism
Pathogenic micro: listeriosis, salmonellosis
Water - fecal contamination: cholera, typhoid fever, e.coli.

51
Q

Zootonic and vector borne example

A

Rabies, hantavirus, east equine encephalitis, lyme disease, west nile virus, zika

52
Q

Healthcare acquired infections

A

MRSA, VRE, C. diff, CPE

53
Q

Outbreak

A

When new cases exceed what is expected - limited to a localized increase in incidents (village, institution)

54
Q

Epidemic

A

Similar to outbreak where cases exceed what is expected - can be large or small

55
Q

Pandemic

A

When disease spreads to affect a large number in populations worldwide

56
Q

Endemic

A

Steady presence in a defined population or region

57
Q

Immunization

A

Primary Prevention - modify a susceptible host into a resistant host by introducing a substance that creates antibodies

58
Q

Prophylaxis

A

Secondary Prevention - reduces the ability of the agent to multiply in a susceptible host

59
Q

Active Surveillance

A

Using screening tools interviews, and sentinel systems (ex. WNV, COVID-19)

60
Q

Passive Surveillance

A

When a notifiable CD is reported, contact tracing occurs

61
Q

Prophylaxis/Screening/Treatment

A

ex. immunoprophylaxic agents to prevent illness from an infectious agent following an exposure

62
Q

Sex Positivity

A

an attitude that celebrates sexuality as a part of life that can enhance happiness, bringing energy and celebration.

63
Q

Harm reduction

A

Policies, programs, and practices that aim to minimize negative health, social, and legal impacts associate with certain practices.

64
Q

Intersectionality theory

A

Emphasizes that the root causes of marginalization cannot be traced to one specific social location

65
Q

Internalized Stigma

A

An individual’s acceptance of negative beliefs, views, and feelings towards the stigmatized group they belong to and oneself

66
Q

Perceived Stigma

A

An individual’s awareness of negative societal attitudes, fear of discrimination, and feelings of shame.

67
Q

Enacted Stigma

A

Encompasses overt acts of discrimination, such as exclusion or acts of physical or emotional abuse

68
Q

Layered or Compounded Stigma

A

A person holding more than one stigmatized identity

69
Q

Institutional or Structural Stigma

A

Stigmatization of a group of people through the implementation of policy and procedures

70
Q

Stibbis

A

Testing for STIs - urine, blood, swab, visual
Recommended every 3-6 months or anytime you have a new sexual partner

71
Q

Stibbis - Viral

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Hepatitis C (HCV)
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Human Papillomarvirus (HPV)

72
Q

Stibbis - Parasitic

A

Trichomoniasis (Trich)
Public Lice
Scabies

73
Q

Stibbus - Bacterial

A

Chlamydia
Lymphogranuloma vereneum (LGV)
Gonorrhea
Mycoplasma Genitalium (MG)

74
Q

Congenital Syphilis

A

Major health impacts on infants - stillbirth, deformed bones, miscarriage, prematurity, blindness

75
Q

Immunization

A

protect people from disease by introducing a vaccine into the body that triggers an immune response, just as though you had been exposed to a disease naturally.

76
Q

Types of Passive Immunity

A

Injected
Maternal

77
Q

Types of Active Immunity

A

Innate Immunity (born with)
Adaptive Immunity (antibodies produced)

78
Q

Types of Active Vaccines

A

Replicating vaccines
Live vaccines
Contain weakened virus or bacteria to induce immunity
Need fewer doses
MMR, Varicella, MMRV, Rotavirus

79
Q

Types of Active Vaccines

A

Non-Replicating vaccines
Killed, engineered, protein, toxoid
Takes longer to achieve protection, need more doses
Boosters may be needed
Tetanus, whooping cough, Hep B, HPV, Polio

80
Q
A

YEAR 3 (14 decks)

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