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YEAR 3 > NURS 330 (Peds) Midterm > Flashcards

NURS 330 (Peds) Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

A

Each child has 50% chance of getting this
Ex) Huntington’s, Bracas breast cancer gene

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2
Q

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

A

Each child has 50% chance of carrying disease and 25% chance of showing disease
Ex) Cystic Fibrosis

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3
Q

X-Linked Recessive Disorders

A

Males are at risk - each male has 50% chance of inheriting
Ex) Color blindness, hemophilia a, duchenne muscular dystrophy

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4
Q

Numerical chromosome abnormality

A

Entire single chromosome added or missing

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5
Q

Structural chromosome abnormality

A

Part of chromosome missing or added OR abnormal rearrangement of material within chromosome (translocation)

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6
Q

Trisomy

A

When each body cell contains an extra copy of one chromosome (47)

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7
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down syndrome - each cell has three copies of chromosome 21

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8
Q

Trisomy 13

A

Less common and more severe, often die in infancy

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9
Q

Monosomy

A

Each body cell has a missing chromosome (45)

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10
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A

Only monosomy that is compatible with life, only in females, single X chromosome

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11
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

Occurs in boys who have an extra X chromosome - delay in language development and auditory processing

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12
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A

X-linked recessive disorder in boys - 30-50% affected children have no family hx
Symptoms within first 3-4 years of life
Loss of endurance/strength in legs and pelvis

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13
Q

Bowlby’s Attachment Thoery

A

Motivational-behavioral system
Infants need one special relationship for internal development

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14
Q

Birth - social

A

quiet when fed and comforted, makes eye contact

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15
Q

Birth - self help

A

interested in sights and sounds, alert

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16
Q

Birth - Gross motor

A

Wiggles and kicks, thrusts arms and legs in play

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17
Q

Birth - fine motor

A

Looks at objects or faces

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18
Q

Birth - language

A

Cries, makes small throaty sounds

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19
Q

1 month - Social

A

Social smile

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20
Q

1 month - Gross motor

A

Lifts head and chest when lying on stomach

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21
Q

1 month - fine motor

A

Follows moving objects with eyes

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22
Q

1 month - language

A

cries in special way when hungry

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23
Q

2 months - Social

A

Recognizes mother

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24
Q

2 months - self help

A

reacts to sight of bottle or breast

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25
Q

2 months - gross motor

A

Holds head steady when held sitting

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26
Q

2 months - fine motor

A

Holds object in hand

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27
Q

2 months - language

A

Makes sounds - ah, eh, ugh

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28
Q

3 months - social

A

Recognizes other familiar adults

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29
Q

3 months self help

A

increases activity when shown a toy

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30
Q

3 months - gross motor

A

makes crawling movements

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31
Q

3 months - fine motor

A

holds hand up and looks at it

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32
Q

3 months - langauge

A

laughs out loud, squeals

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33
Q

4 months - social

A

interested in his/her image in the mirror, smiles, playful

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34
Q

4 months - self help

A

reaches for obects

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35
Q

4 months - gross motor

A

pivots around when lying on stomach

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36
Q

4 months - fine motor

A

puts toys or other objects in mouth

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37
Q

4 months - language

A

ah-goo

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38
Q

5 months - social

A

reacts differently to strangers

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39
Q

5 months - gross motor

A

rolls over from stomach to back

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40
Q

5 months - fine motor

A

picks up objects with one hand

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41
Q

5 months - language

A

responds to voice: turns head toward a voice

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42
Q

6 months - social

A

reaches for familiar persons

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43
Q

6 months - self help

A

looks for object after it disappears from sigh

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44
Q

6 months - gross motor

A

rolls over from back to stomach

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45
Q

6 months - fine motor

A

transfers objects from one hand to the other

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46
Q

6 months - language

A

babbles, responds to his/her name (turns and looks)

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47
Q

7 months - social

A

Gets upset and cries if left alone

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48
Q

7 months - self help

A

feeds self cracker or cookie

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49
Q

7 months - gross motor

A

sits alone, steady

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50
Q

7 months - fine motor

A

holds two objects, one in each hand at the same time. brings two objects together

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51
Q

7 months - language

A

makes sounds like da, ba, ga, ka, ma

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52
Q

8 months - social

A

plays “peek-a-boo”

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53
Q

8 months - gross motor

A

moves forward somehow while on stomach

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54
Q

8 months - fine motor

A

uses forefinger to poke, push or roll small objects

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55
Q

8 months - language

A

makes sounds like mama, dada, baba (no meaning)

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56
Q

9 months - social

A

waves bye-bye

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57
Q

9 months self-help

A

resists having a toy taken away

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58
Q

9 months gross motor

A

crawls on hands and knees, pulls self to standing position

59
Q

9 months - fine motor

A

picks up small objects using thumb and finger grasp

60
Q

9 months - language

A

imitates sounds that you make

61
Q

10 months - social

A

plays “patty-cake”

62
Q

10 months - self help

A

picks up spoon by handle

63
Q

10 months - gross motor

A

walks around playpen or furniture while holding on

64
Q

11 months - gross motor

A

stands alone briefly

65
Q

11 months - fine motor

A

puts small objects in cup or other container

66
Q

11 months - language

A

understands phrases like “No” and “all gone”

67
Q

12 months - social

A

Imitates simple acts such as hugging a doll

68
Q

12 months - self help

A

helps a little when being dressed

69
Q

12 months - gross motor

A

Stands alone, steady

70
Q

12 months - fine motor

A

turns pages of books

71
Q

12 months - language

A

says “mama” or “dada” for parent

72
Q

13 months - social

A

Plays with other children

73
Q

13 months - self help

A

lifts cup to mouth and drinks

74
Q

13 months - gross motor

A

walks without help

75
Q

13 months - fine motor

A

builds tower of 2 or more blocks

76
Q

13 months - language

A

shakes head to express “no”, hands object when asked

77
Q

14 months - social

A

gives kisses

78
Q

14 months - self help

A

insists on feeding self

79
Q

14 months - gross motor

A

climbs up on chairs or other furniture

80
Q

14 months - fine motor

A

marks with pencil or crayons

81
Q

14 months - language

A

asks for food or drink with sounds or words

82
Q

15 months - social

A

greets people with “hi”

83
Q

15 months - self help

A

Feeds self with a spoon

84
Q

15 months - gross motor

A

runs

85
Q

15 month - fine motor

A

scribbles with pencil or crayon

86
Q

15 month - language

A

says 2 words besides mama or dada, makes sounds in sequences that sounds like sentences

87
Q

18 months - social

A

sometimes says “no” when interfered with

88
Q

18 months - self help

A

eats with a fork

89
Q

18 months - gross motor

A

kicks a ball forward, good coordination and balance

90
Q

18 months - fine motor

A

builds tower of 4 or more blocks

91
Q

Erikson’s Theory

A

Pychosocial

92
Q

Freuds Theory

A

Psychosexual

93
Q

Piaget’s Theory

A

Cognitive

94
Q

Kohlberg’s

A

Moral

95
Q

Active Immunization

A

Vaccines

96
Q

Passive Immunization

A

Protection from exposure to infections through antibodies from other humans or animals

97
Q

Immune Globulin (human)

A

Ex) measles and hepatitis
Obtained from pooled human plasma and contains mainly IgG with small amounts of IgA and IgM

98
Q

Differences in Pediatric Respiratory System

A
  • lack of bony structures (increased retractions)
  • abdominal breathers (rely on diaphragm)
  • appear barrel chested
  • obligatory nose breathers until 3 months
  • smaller airways
  • short trachea, angle @ bronchus acute, smallest at cricoid until 8 y/o
  • smaller lung capacity, fewer alveoli, underdeveloped IC muscles
  • large tongue, large tonsils
99
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A

most common cause of lower resp tract infections in children, leading cause of pneumonia and brochiolitis in infants

100
Q

RSV Symptoms

A

Coughing, rhinorrhea, wheezing, irritability and restlessness, low grade fever, nasal flaring and retractions, liver and spleen palpable

101
Q

RSV Diagnosis

A

using nasopharyngeal secretions containing epithelial cells - swab

102
Q

RSV management

A

Relieve symptoms - airway = #1 priority
Position, oxygen, suction
Meds: ventolin, ribovarin

103
Q

Symptoms of COVID in kids

A

Fever, malaise, cough, nasal congestion/runny nose, abdominal pain, diarrhea, new loss of taste or smell, sore throat, headache

104
Q

COVID vaccine for kids

A

Available for chilren 6months-18y/o.

105
Q

Influenza/Parainfluenza

A

Common viruses that can cause upper and lower resp infections (bronchitis, croup, pneumonia)
Clinical signs: fever, cough, runny nose, sore thoat, SOB, wheezing, fatigue)
Treatment: symptom mgmt, prevent with vaccine

106
Q

Croup-Laryngothracheobronchits

A

VIRAL cause (usually)
Infection causes swelling in the trachea and larynx, most common in kids 3 months - 4y/o
Signs: tachypnea, stridor, seal-like barking cough
Treatment: oxygen, medications (racemic epi, corticosteroids

107
Q

Pertussis-Whooping Cough

A

Highly contagious BACTERIAL disease
signs: severe coughing followed by high-pitched whoop/crowing sounds and/or grasp for air
VOMITING after a cough spell is a big indicator
Prevention: immunization-acellular pertussis vaccine

108
Q

Growth and Development of GI system

A

STRUCTURALLY complete at birth, but immature
Sucking=reflex until 6wks
Stomach capacity increases
Intestinal motility is increased in newborns (increased stools)
Enzyme secretion increases (pancreatic start at 4 months)
Excretory control by age 2-3

109
Q

Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)

A

Most common and most serious acquired GI disorder among hospitalized pre-term neonates
Caused by: intestinal ischemia, bacterial or viral infection
Predisposing factor = immature intestine

110
Q

NEC symptoms

A

Vomiting, blood diarrhea, abdominal distention, feeding intolerance, irritability OR lethargy

111
Q

Diagnosis and Treatment of NEC

A

Diagnostic: Physical assessment, abdominal x-ray
Treatment: PROMPT, NPO, CVC/IV fluids and antibiotics, surgical resection

112
Q

Long term complications of NEC

A

Malabsorption, short bowel, scarring/narrowing of bowel, scarring in the abdomen, problems with TPN

113
Q

Complications with Prematurity

A

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
Feeding and nutrition problems
Anemia
Resp distress syndrome

114
Q

5 Types of CVC

A

Short term (percutaneous)
Tunneled
PICC
Implanted
Hemodialysis

115
Q

Why might we insert a CVC?

A

Limited peripheral venous access, resuscitation, hemodialysis, long term therapy, admin of IV fluid/PN/blood products/medications/chemotherapy.

116
Q

Complications of CVC

A

Air embolism, occlusion (common), infection (common), malposition or external catheter damage, extravasation

117
Q

Acute GI disorder-dehydration/vomiting

A

Causes: infection, structural anomalies, neurologic, endocrine, food poisoning
Viral (rotovirus, adenovirus, norwalk, cytomegalovirus)
Bacterial (salmonellla, e coli, shigella, c-diff)

118
Q

Treatment of dehydration

A

NS bolus, and then switch to D5NS because of sodium and glucose

119
Q

Cleft Lip & Palate

A

“split” or “separation” of lip or palate, develop in early pregnancy (lip in 5-6wk gest and palate in 7-9wk gest), happens in 1/700 babies

120
Q

Management of cleft lip & palate

A

Cleft lip: Surgery after 2-3 months
Cleft palate: Surgery around 6-18 months

121
Q

Complications of cleft lip

A

Cannot suck properly with deformed lip/palate, (there are special bottles for cleft lip/palate babies), susceptible to colds, hearing loss, speech defects, dental cavities, otitis media.

122
Q

Hirschsprung (Congenital aganglionic megacolon)

A

Absence of autonomic parasympathetic ganglion cells of the colon that prevents peristalsis - obstruction. Presentation = constipation
Signs: gradual onset of vomiting, ABD distention, constipation, failure to pass meconium

123
Q

Treatment of Hirschsprung

A

Staged surgical repair - remove dysfunctional part of bowel and re-attach (sometimes involve temporary ileostomy)

124
Q

Tracheosophageal Fistula (TEF)

A

Represents an abnormal opening between the trachea and esophagus
- excess amniotic fluid
- excess saliva
- feeds get vomited right back up (EA with distal TEF = most common)

125
Q

TEF diagnosis

A

Catheter into esophagus to check for resistance
Barium Swallow test to diagnoses problems

126
Q

TEF treatment

A

surgery to close the fistula and anastomosing the esophageal segments

127
Q

Imperforated Anus

A

Passage of fecal material is obstructed by a structural anomaly of the anus and rectum

128
Q

Imperforated anus diagnosis

A

Inspection of the perineum (fistula)
Rectal atresia (absence of anal opening)
ABD distention, vomiting, failure to pass meconium
US and Lower GI studies confirm diagnosis

129
Q

Imperforated anus treatment

A

oral feeds STOPPED
surgery to close fistula and create an anal opening
Surgical site - thoroughly monitored for infection

130
Q

Intussesception

A

one portion of the bowel slides/invaginates into the next
Signs: Vomiting, “currant” jelly, gelatinous stools, pain
Treated with barium enema to move bowel back into correct space

131
Q

Pyloric Stenosis

A

Hypertrophy of the circular pylorus muscle results in stenosis of the passage between the stomach and the duodenum, partially obstructing the lumen of the stomach

132
Q

Pyloric Stenosis Symptoms

A

evident at 2-8 weeks
Easy to diagnose
PROJECTILE VOMITING, irritability, failure to gain weight, signs of dehydration, child hunger

133
Q

Nissen Fundoplication

A

For kids that have severe acid reflux - last resort is to wrap stomach around itself to tighten it.

134
Q

Diagnosis of diabetes in children

A
  • plasma glucose level of 11.1mmol/l or higher
  • fasting plasma glucose (FPG) > 7.0mmol/l
  • oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) > 11mmol/l
  • random PG > 11.1mmol/l
135
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Autoimmune destruction of insulin producing cells (beta-cells) resulting in complete insulin deficiency

136
Q

Type 2 Diabetes incidence in children

A

minimum incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents < 18 years old of 1.54 per 100 000 children per year

137
Q

Indigenous youth with diabetes

A

Experience higher long-term risks for end stage renal disease and death than non-first nation kids

138
Q

Most important risk factor of type 2 diabetes

A

obesity (95% of children with T2DM were obese)

139
Q

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes

A

family history
hypertension
asian, indigenous and african decent
lower PHC

140
Q

Complications of type 2 diabetes

A

kidney disease
retinopathy
neuropathy
dyslipidemia
hypertension

141
Q

Hemoglobin A1C

A

Objective measurement of glycemic control

142
Q

Glycosylated (or glycated) hemoglobin

A

form of hemoglobin used primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time

143
Q
A

YEAR 3 (14 decks)

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