NURS 304 Flashcards
Family
A social construct, a relationship, a pluralistic/contextual/culturally dependent construct
Types of Families (10)
Nuclear, Same Sex, Dual Career, Nuclear Dyad, Extended, Single Parents, Blended, Cohabitating, Communal, Step Families
5 Critical Attributes to the concept of FAMILY:
- Family is a system or a unit
- Members may/may not be related and may/may not live together
- Unit may/may not have children
- Commitment and attachment among unit members that include future obligations.
- Unit caregiving functions consist of protection, nourishment, and socialization of its members.
Vanier Institute top 10 trends for Canadian Families
- Fewer couples getting legally married.
- More couples breaking up.
- Families getting smaller.
- Children have more transitions as parents change their marital status.
- Canadians are generally satisfied with life.
- Family violence is under-reported.
- Multiple-earner families are the norm.
- Women do most of the juggling in balancing work and home.
- Inequality is worsening.
- Future will have more aging families.
Family Health
A dynamic changing state of well-being, which includes the biological, psychological, spiritual, sociological, and culture factors of individual members and whole family system.
Nurses Contribution to Family Health
- ASSESS and appraise family meanings of health
- DETERMINE family strengths and capabilities
- EDUCATE families about health and healthy living
- FACILITATE use of health resources
- FOSTER active involvement of families in healthy communities
Family Nursing Practice
Active collaboration with both individuals and the family unit to support optimal levels of health and well-being
Four approaches to Family Nursing Practice
- Family as CONTEXT (individual as client)
- Family unit as CLIENT/PATIENT
- Family SYSTEMS nursing
- Family GROUPS in society
Family-Centered Care
Philosophy embraces by most health care organizations globally and promoted by policy makers and nurse leaders.
Family as Context
Nursing care focuses on the individual as client, family as context of the individual, family may be a stressor or a resource, also called family-centered care
Family Unit as Client/Patient
Members assessed separately, NP practice, community care, advanced practitioners.
Family Systems Nursing
Family is the client, viewed as an interactional system, reciprocity, impact.
Family groups in society
Families are a subsystem of larger systems in the community, society, common issues, trends.
IFNA Vision Statement
Nursing transforming health for families worldwide.
IFNA mission statement
- Serving as a unifying force and voice for family nursing globally
- Sharing knowledge, practices, and skills to enhance and nurture family nursing practice
- Providing family nursing leadership through education, research, scholarship, socialization, and collegial exchange.
5 Goals of IFNA
- Increase visibility and impact of IFNA and family nursing
- Ensure IFNA sustainability
- Increase membership diversity, reach, and impact
- Sustain member connections and encourage increased engagement
- Increase international collaboration
Generalist Nursing Characteristics:
- Enhance/promote family health
- Focus on families strength, support growth, improve health.
- show leadership and systems thinking
- Self-reflective practice
- Use an evidenced-based approach
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)
Potentially traumatizing experiences, such as emotional, physical, or sexual abuse experienced in first 18 years of life
1. Abuse
2. Neglect
3. Household dysfunction
How does ACE affect people
Affects their health (increased obesity, depression, suicide, heart disease, STI’s, cancer, stroke, COPD)
Affects behaviours (smoking, alcoholism, drug use)
Life Potential (graduation rates, academic achievement, lost time from work)
Preventing ACE’s
- Strengthen economic supports to families
- Promote social norms that protect against violence and adversity.
- ensure a strong start for children
- teach skills
- connect youth to caring adults and activities
intervene to lessen immediate and long-term harms
Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCE’s)
- 1 caregiver who is safe
- 1 good friend
- beliefs that comfort
- find enjoyment at school
- teachers who care
- good neighbors
- adult who give advice
- opportunities for fun
- like yourself
- predictable home routine
Family Nursing Roles (9)
- health educator
- care provider and supervisor
- family advocate
- case finder and epidemiologist
- researcher
- Manager and coordinator
- counsellor
- consultant
- environmental modifier
8 Dimensions of Patient-Centered Care
Patient preferences
Emotional Support
Physical Comfort
Information and Education
Continuity and Transition
Coordination of Care
Access to Care
Family and Friends
Four Pillars of Patient and Family Centered Care
Information Sharing
Collaboration
Respect and Dignity
Participation
Patient-Health care provider relationship 1990s
Systems Centered
- reliance on the healthcare team
- healthcare team takes charge
- blood relatives considered family ONLY
Patient-Health care provider relationship 2005
Patient and Family centered
- background considered
- active involvement of care givers
- patients expertise considered
Patient-Health care provider relationship 2015
People-Centered Care
- respectful, compassionate, culturally appropriate care
- people define what family means to them
- working as a team
Who is involved in a people-centered care approach
Governing Body
Family Members
Organizational Leaders
Patient and family partners
Patients
Team/Team members
Other Stakeholders
How to Engage Patients and Families
Sharing stories, educational events, working groups, improvement events, job interviews for staff, surveys, patient and family advisory councils (PFACS)
CFAM
Calgary Family Assessment Model
Family Assessment Indications
- Family experiencing emotional, physical, or spiritual suffering caused by crisis or a developmental milestone.
- Family-defined illness/problem
- Child/Adolescent identified by family as having difficulty
- Family having issues that jeopardize family relationships
- Child admitted to hospital
Family Assessment Contraindications
- Suspected to compromise individuation of family member
- Context of family situation permits little/no leverage
Nursing Intervention
Any treatment based upon clinical judgement that a nurse performs to enhance patient/client outcomes
Intent of Nursing Intervention
To effect change for patient, family, and/or system/community
Family Intervention Indications
- Family members with illness that impacts other family members
- Family member contributes to anothers symptoms/problems
- Family member improvement contributes to anothers symptoms/problems
- Child/adolescent develops a problem in a context of another members illness
- 1st diagnosis of illness in the family
- family members condition deteriorates
- Chronically ill family member moves from hospital/rehab back into community
- Important developmental milestone missed/delayed
- Chronically ill patient dies
Family Intervention Contraindications
- All members state that they do not want to
- Family members want to work with another professional
CFIM
Calgary Family Intervention Model
2 Levels of Expertise CFIM
- Generalist
- Specialist
6 Theoretical Foundations and Worldviews that informs CFAM & CFIM
- Postmodernism
- Systems Theory
- Cybernetics
- Communication Theory
- Change Theory
- Biology of Cognition
Postmodernism
Pluralism is a key focus of postmodernism
“Belief in multiplicity”
Postmodernism is a debate about knowledge
Systems Theory
- Family system is a part of a larger suprasystem & is composed of many subsystems
- Family as a whole is > the sum of its parts (wholeness)
- Change in one family member affects all family members
- Family is able to create a balance between change & stability
- Family members behaviors are best understood through circular casualty
Linear Casualty
A influences B, but B does not influence A
Circular Casualty
When even A and B both affect each other
Cybernetics
Science of communication and control theory
- Family systems possess self-regulating ability
- Feedback processes can simultaneously occur at several systems
Communication Theory
- All nonverbal communication is meaningful
- All communication has 2 major channels for transmission (digital and analog)
- Dyadic relationship has varying degrees of symmetry and complementary
- All communication has 2 levels (content and relationship)
Digital Communication
Verbal/actual content
Analogical Communication
Non-verbals, music, poetry and painting
Complementary Relationship
One individual giving, and one receiving (unequal)
Symmetrical Relationship
Equal - both have rights to offer advice and criticize
Change Theory
First and Second order change
- change is dependent on perception of problem
- change is determined by structure
- change is dependent on context
- change is dependent on co-evolving goals for treatment
- understanding alone does not lead to change
- change does not necessarily occur equally in all family members
- facilitating change is the nurse’s responsibility
- change occurs by means of a meshing between therapeutic offering
- change can be the result of a myriad of causes or reasons
First-Order Change
Change in QUANTITY, not QUALITY - uses problem-solving strategies
Second-Order Change
Changes the SYSTEM
Biology of Cognition
- 2 possible avenues for explaining our world are objectivity and objectivity-in-parenthesis
- We bring forth our realities through interacting with the world, ourselves, and others through language
Parts of Structural Family Assessment (internal)
Family composition
Gender
Sexual Orientation
Rank Order
Subsystems
Boundaries
Parts of Structural Family Assessment (External)
Extended family
Larger systems
Parts of Structural Family Assessment (Context)
Ethnicity
Race
Social Class
Religion and/or spirituality
Environment
Parts of Structural Family Assessment
Internal
External
Context
Parts of Developmental Family Assessment
Stages
Tasks
Attachments
Parts of Functional Family Assessment
Instrumental
Expressive
Parts of Functional Family Assessment (Instrumental)
ADL’s
Parts of Functional Family Assessment (Expressive)
Emotional Communication
Verbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication
Circular Communication
Problem-Solving
Roles
Influence & Power
Beliefs
Alliances/Coalitions
Internal Structural: Family Composition
Family is a system/unit
Members may/may not live together or be related
Unit may/may not contain children
Commitment & attachment among unit members
Unit’s caregiving functions consist of protection, nourishment, and socialization of its members