NURS 255 Exam 3 Flashcards
6 Links (Infectious agent: What is it?)
- Can be flora
- Normal
- Transient
- Resident (from the skin)
- Pathogens
6 Links (Reservoir: What is it?)
- Living (people or plants)
- Carriers
- Nonliving (Desks, bedrails)
6 Links (Portal of exit: What is it?)
- The way in which the infection leaves the previous host
6 Links (Mode of Transmission: What is it?)
- Contact
- Direct touching
- Indirect
- Droplet
- Airborne
6 Links (Portal of entry: What is it?)
- Body openings
- Bites from a vector
6 Links (Susceptible host: What is it?)
- Inadequate defence mechanisms
- Factors like sexual partners, immunosuppression, smoking, chemotherapy can increase susceptibility
What are the 5 Stages of an Infection?
- Incubation (No symptoms)
- Prodromal (No symptoms but can spread)
- Illness (Symptoms)
- Decline (Symptoms improve)
- Convalesce (Symptoms disappear)
Classifications of infections by Location (2 types)
- Local infections
- Systemic
- Bacteremia
- Septicaemia (In the blood)
Classifications of Infections by Duration (3 types)
- Acute
- Chronic
- Latent (Lies dorment)
Primary Defences (What are they?)
- Intact skin
- Mucous membranes
- Tears
- Normal flora in GI tract
- Normal Flora in urinary tract and vagina
Secondary Defences (What are they?)
- Phagocytosis
- Complement cascade
- Inflammation
- Fever
Tertiary Defences (What are they?)
- Active immunity
- Passive immunity
- Specific immunity
- Cellular immunity (Cell mediated)
- Humoral immunity (Antibody mediated)
What factors place someone at risk for infection?
- Age (immune system development)
- Breaks in skin
- Illness/injury, Chronic disease
- Smoking, substance abuse
- Sex partners
- Medications (Some)
What is Medical Asepsis?
A state of cleanliness that decreases the potential for spread of infections
What can you do to maintain a clean environment?
- Clean spills and dirty surfaces
- Disinfect
- Remove clutter
- Consider supplies brought to the client room as contaminated
- consider items from the clients home contaminated
Why are Multidrug-resistant pathogens of concern for healthcare providers?
- Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most difficult challenges to treat patients with severe infections
- There are limited options to treat MDRO’s
- They are associated with serious illness, increased mortality, and increased hospital lengths of stay.
Why are patients in their homes at less risk for infection than those in hospital?
- They share the same potential pathogens and antibodies
- There is limited exposure to others with illness
What is the nurses responsibility as it relates to infection prevention?
- The nurse is responsible for monitoring that patients, other healthcare workers, and visitors are responsible and adhere to best prevention practices.
What role does a nurse play in preventing biological epidemics ?
- The nurse should be able to recognize an outbreak based on its grouping of symptoms
- Notify a safety officer
- Use appropriate level of standard precautions
- Prepare clients for a disease outbreak
What are the two types of Healthcare related infections (2 types)
- HAI’s (infections caused by healthcare given to an individual)
- Nosocomial infection (hospital acquired infection)
What does the CDC do?
- Responds to new and emerging health threats worldwide, detects and tracks disease, and provides health information to prevent and control the spread of diseases.
What does the CDC aim to reduce specifically? (7 types of infections)
- Central line associated blood stream infection
- Surgical site infection
- Catheter-associated urinary tract infection
- Methicillin-resistant staphlycoccus aureus infection
- Ventilator associated pneumonia
- Multidrug resistant organisms ‘
- Clostridium defficile infection and hospitalization
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (What do they do?)
- To provide scientific evidence to make healthcare safer and make health information tools and resources available for both healthcare providers and consumers
The Joint commission (What do they stand for?)
- Quality oversight agency
- Provides standards for what healthcare organizations use do to minimize risks
The joint commission (What is goal 7?)
- Their 2022 goal 7 is to reduce the risk of HAI’s
What are the 2 Standards that the ANA Includes about infection prevention?
- Partners with healthcare consumer to implement the plan in a safe and timely manner
- Implements the plan in a timely manner in accordance with the patient safety goals
What are the Steps to Hand hygiene (1-5)
- Bare your hands and forearms
- Turn on water
- Wet your hands and wrists
- Apply enough soap to cover all hand surfaces
- Vigorously rub hands for 20 seconds
What are the steps to hand hygiene (6-10)
- Clean under fingernails
- Rinse hands thoroughly
- Dry your hands thoroughly
- Turn off faucet
- Apply hand moisturizer
Using alcohol based hand rubs (4 steps)
- Use 60-95% alcohol based hand rubs
- Bare your hands and forearms
- Apply antiseptic solution (at least 3 ml)
- Vigorously rub antiseptic solution (20-30 seconds)
Donning PPE 1-4
- assess need for PPE
- Don the isolation Gown
- Don the N-95
- Don face shield or goggles
Donning PPE 5-7
- Don hair cover
- Don shoe covers
- Don gloves
Removing PPE Step 1-4
- Remove gloves
- Remove gown
- Fold the gown inside out
- Remove goggles
Removing PPE Step 5-8
- Remove Mask/face shield
- Remove hair covering
- Remove shoe covers
- Perform hand hygiene
When should you wear gloves?
- When there is a possibility to be exposed to bodily excretions directly or indirectly
When should you wear gowns?
- When you may be exposed to potentially infective secretions
When should you wear a face mask?
- When splashing may occur during close contact
When should you wear a Face shield or eye goggles
- When splashing might occur and droplets may enter your facial area
When should you wear an N-95
- When caring for clients with airborne organisms like TB or COVID-19
When should you wear hair covers?
- when there is a potential for spraying or splashing
When should you wear shoe covers?
- when there is a potential for contamination of shoes with body fluids
When should a patient be placed in a single room (4 conditions)
- The patient is at increased risk for infections
- Does not maintain hand hygiene
- likely to contaminate environment
- Is at increased risk of developing adverse reaction after infection
Should you change gloves when assessing the same patient?
- only when making contact with an area that is contaminated
When should you use tier 2 precautions?
- When routes of transmission are not completely interrupted using standard precautions alone (When direct contact can lead to indirect contact)
What should you do if no private rooms are available and someone is infected with airborne pathogens?
- Put them with someone who has the same organisms
How often should a Tier 2 patients room be disinfected?
Daily
What PPE should be used for droplet precautions?
- Wear a mask
What PPE should be used for contact Precautions?
- Gloves
- Gown if contacting patient
What PPE should be used for Airborne precautions?
- Mask
Do you need to wear a mask when attending to someone with Rubeola, Chickenpox or Disseminated zoster?
- CDC doesn’t care if you do.
