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U of R SCHOOL OF NURSING - 372 > NUR 372 CLASS 2 MEDICAL ASEPSIS > Flashcards

NUR 372 CLASS 2 MEDICAL ASEPSIS Flashcards

1
Q

INFECTION

A
  • pathologic events that result from the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in a host
  • bacterial, viral, fungal
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2
Q

COMMON BACTERIAL PATHOGENS

A
  • bacteria: single cell, independently living microorganisms

- examples: staph aureus/streptococcus: normal on skin; pseudomonas aeruginosa; enterococcus; e coli: GI, UTI in women

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3
Q

COMMON VIRAL PATHOGENS

A
  • living microorganisms

- ex: influenza (flu); chicken pox / shingles; HIV; norovirus (west nile; ebola)

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4
Q

COMMON PARASITE PATHOGENS

A
  • organisms that live on or in a host; get their food from or at the expense of its host.
  • ex: protozoa; helminths (worms); ectoparasites (flees, lice
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5
Q

COMMON FUNGI PATHOGENS

A
  • single cell organisms that include molds and yeasts

- ex: candidiasis; aspergillosis; dermatophytes; pneumocystis jiroveci

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6
Q

HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS

A
  • infections that people acquire while they are receiving treatment for another condition in healthcare settings
  • ex: inpatient hospitals
    ; ambulatory settings ; long-term care facilities
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7
Q

TYPES OF HAI’s

A
  • central line-associated bloodstream Infections (CLABSI)
  • catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
  • ventilator-associated
    pneumonia (VAP)
  • surgical site infection (SSI)
  • clostridium difficile gastrointestinal infection
  • methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureaus (MRSA)
  • vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE)
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8
Q

DISINFECTION

A
  • chemical or physical processes used to reduce the numbers of potential pathogens on an object’s surface
  • ex: bleach, chlorhexidine, betadine, scrubbing hands with antibacterial gels
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9
Q

STERILIZATION

A
  • complete destruction of all microorganisms, including spores
  • ex: autoclave
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10
Q

BACTERICIDAL

A
  • chemical that kills microorganisms
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11
Q

BACTERIOSTATIC

A
  • chemical that prevents bacterial multiplication but does not kill the bacteria
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12
Q

MEDICAL ASEPSIS

A
  • practices aimed at reducing the number, growth or spread of microorganisms
  • ex: hand hygiene before/after patient contact (20 seconds, happy b-day 2x); use of PPE as indicated by disease process; no items on floor; do not shake sheets; clean least soiled first; moist items in plastic bags
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13
Q

SURGICAL ASEPSIS

A
  • measures aimed at eliminating all bacteria from an object
  • ex: skin preparation; surgical hand washing;
    sterile gloves & gowns;
    sterile field
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14
Q

5 MOMENTS OF HAND HYGIENE

A
  • before patient contact
  • before an aseptic task
  • after body fluid exposure risk
  • after patient contact
  • after contact with patient surroundings
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15
Q

CHAIN OF INFECTION

A
  • infectious agent: bacteria, fungi
  • source: blood, respiratory secretions
  • portal of exit: drainage
  • mode of transmission: dressing on bedside stand
  • portal of entry: how it gest into other person’s body, patient coughs and nurse inhales
  • susceptible Host
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16
Q

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: GLOVES

A
  • contact with blood or body fluids, mucous membranes, or non-intact skin of all patients, and when touching contaminated items or surfaces
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17
Q

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: MASK, EYE PROTECTION, FACE SHIELD

A
  • during patient activities that are likely to generate aerosols, splashes, sprays, etc. such as suctioning
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18
Q

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: GOWNS

A
  • worn if splashing blood or contact of body fluids is likely to occur.
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19
Q

ORDER OF DONNING PPE

A
  • gown
  • mask
  • goggles or face shield
  • gloves
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20
Q

ORDER OF REMOVING PPE

A
  • gloves
  • goggles or face shield
  • gown
  • mask
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21
Q

TYPES OF PRECAUTIONS

A
  • standard/universal
  • contact
  • droplet
  • airborne
  • protective
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22
Q

STANDARD/UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION

A
  • PPE as needed to prevent contact with body fluids (gloves, possibly gown, mask and goggles if splashing is possible).
  • all patients
  • handle all blood and body fluids as if contaminated
  • hand hygiene before/after
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23
Q

TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS

A
  • used in addition to standard precautions for patients who are known or suspected to be infected or colonized with an infectious organism
  • ex: airborne precautions; droplet precautions; contact precautions; protective Isolation
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24
Q

AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS

A
  • my - measles
  • stupid - SARS
  • chicken - chickepox
  • hez - herpes zoster
  • TB - TB
  • private room with negative pressure
  • door closed at all times
  • PPE: N95 respirator; surgical mask to patient if needing to leave room
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25
DROPLET PRECAUTIONS
- protects transmission of pathogens through close contact with mucous membranes or respiratory secretions - PPE: mask - streptococcal pharyngitis - pneumonia - scarlet fever - rubella - pertussis - mumps - mycoplasma pneumonia - meningococcal disease - pneumonic plague
26
DROPLET PRECAUTIONS NURSING INTERVENTIONS
- private room preferred (same cohort of pts can room together). - door can be open since the risk area for transmission is 3-6 ft of direct contact with the pt. - mask is required to enter room for everyone including visitors.
27
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
- prevents transmission of infectious agents that are spread by direct/indirect contact with patient’s and their environment - used with: wound drainage, fecal drainage or other discharge that is suggestive of contamination and risk of transmission to others. - PPE: gloves, gown (mask and goggles may be needed depending on splash risk)
28
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS NURSING INTERVENTIONS
- private room (may cohort pt’s with same infective process) - dedicated equipment for pt (thermometer, stethoscope, BP) - pt to leave room for special tests/procedure only - clean hands prior to and after entering room - gown and glove prior to entering room. - remove PPE before exiting room. - clean hands (use soap and water if C-diff) prior to exiting the room. - dispose of infectious dressings in non-porous bag (biohazard trash for blood/body fluids).
29
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS PNEUMONIC
- M - Multidrug resistant organism - R - Respiratory infection - RSV  - S - Skin infections - W - Wound infections - E - Enteric infections (c. diff) - E - Eye infections
30
PROTECTIVE PRECAUTIONS
- used to protect patients who have increased risk to infections - ex: cancer/chemotherapy; immunocompromised; neutropenic
31
PROTECTIVE PRECAUTIONS NURSING INTERVENTION
- hand hygiene before entering and before leaving - private room - no persons with infections - no drive or live plants or flowers - no non-reelable fresh fruit or vegetables - PPE: mask, gloves, gown
32
EXAMPLES OF CLEAN TASKS
- administering medication - obtaining vital signs - assessing the patient - obtaining a medical history - feeding the patient - putting on clean bed linens
33
EXAMPLES OF DIRTY TASKS
- administering medication vaginally or rectally - caring for a wound - changing a wound dressing or I.V. site dressing - caring for a urinary catheter - performing suctioning - removing used or soiled bed linens - bathing the patient performing oral care - changing a depends or brief - obtaining body fluid specimens (urine, blood, sputum)
34
HIV PRECAUTION
- standard/universal
35
HIV DURATION OF PRECAUTION
- duration of illness
36
HIV RESRVOIR
- body fluids: blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, saliva, CSF
37
HIV TESTING
- positive result from ELISA | - confirm by positive results from western blot.
38
HIV NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
- hand hygiene, PPE if high potential contact with blood, secretions - assess risk factors - teach ways of prevention (condoms), not sharing IV needles - teach about medication compliance - monitor fluid intake/urinary output - daily weights to monitor weight-loss - monitor nutritional intake - monitor electrolytes
39
HIV BLOOD SPILL DISINFECTION
- 10% bleach solution after initial cleaning if you have a blood spill
40
C. DIFF DEFINITION
- bacterium that can cause symptoms ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon - most commonly affects older adults in hospitals or in long-term care facilities and typically occurs after use of antibiotic medications
41
C. DIFF PRECAUTIONS
- contact
42
C. DIFF DURATION OF PRECAUTIONS
- until there is one negative stool culture
43
C. DIFF RESERVOIR
- stool
44
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS OF C. DIFF
- liquid diarrhea - abdominal cramps - N/V
45
TESTING FOR C. DIFF
- stool culture | - need one negative culture before d/c precautions
46
HEPATITIS DEFINITION
- inflammation of liver cells
47
HEPATITIS MAY RESULT IN....
- chronic hepatitis - cirrhosis of the liver - liver cancer - liver failure
48
HEPATITIS A RISK FACTORS
- fecal oral route - ingestion of contaminated food or water - close personal contact with an infected individual - vaccination available
49
HEPATITIS B RISK FACTORS
- unprotected sex with infected individual - infants born to infected mothers - contact with infected blood - IV drug users - vaccination available
50
HEPATITIS C RISK FACTORS
- drug abuse - sexual contact - health care workers who get needle sticks
51
HEPATITIS C PRECAUTIONS
- standard unless high potential for splashing
52
DURATON OF HEPATITIS C PRECAUTIONS
- duration of illness
53
RESERVOIR OF HEPATITIS C
- blood and body fluids
54
VIRAL MENINGITIS
- most common form of meningitis - commonly resolves without treatment - risk factors for viral: acute illness such as mumps, measles, and herpes
55
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
- contagious infection with high mortality rate - risk factors include bacterial infections (such as Streptococcus Pneumonia, Haemophilis influenza) upper respiratory infections (pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media); immunosuppression; invasive procedures (skull fractures, penetrating head wound); overcrowded living conditions - vaccine available for high-risk (college) - maintain at least 3 feet distance when in same room as pt.
56
MENINGITIS PRECAUTIONS
- droplet
57
DURATION OF MENINGITIS PRECAUTION
- 24 hours of continuous tx
58
RESERVOIR OF MENINGITIS
- respiratory
59
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS FOR MENINGITIS
- report to infection control department - quiet room - little stimuli - decrease light - seizure precautions
60
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS OF MENINGITIS
- headache - nuchal rigidity - photophobia - fever - chills - N/V - altered LOC - tachycardia - Kernig's sign (stiffness/pain in hamstrings) - Brudzinski's sign (pain with neck flexion)
61
DIAGNOSIS FOR MENINGITIS
- spinal tap to collect CSF - high WBC - high protein - decreased glucose
62
PRECAUTIONS FOR MRSA
- standard/contact
63
DURATION OF PRECAUTIONS FOR MRSA
- duration of illness
64
RESERVOIR OF MRSA
- body fluids contaminated with MRSA
65
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS FOR MRSA
- no longer considered for contact precautions unless they have open wound with MRSA drainage
66
PRECAUTIONS FOR VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE ENTEROCOCCI
- contact
67
DURATION OF PRECAUTIONS FOR VRE
- duration of illness
68
RESERVOIR OF VRE
- stool, body sites from which VRE is isolated
69
TB PRECAUTIONS
- airborne
70
DURATION OF PRECAUTIONS FOR TB
- 3 sputum smears are negative on consecutive days or TB is r/o
71
RESERVOIR OF TB
- respiratory
72
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS FOR TB
- N95 Mask - HEPA filter - pt wears surgical mask when transported outside negative flow room
73
TESTING FOR TB
- PPD annually - chest xray - induration > 5 mm - sputum positive for mycobacterium tuberculosis

U of R SCHOOL OF NURSING - 372 (12 decks)

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