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nur 180 > Nur 181 Unit 2 > Flashcards

Nur 181 Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Effects of exercise - Increased Efficiency of heart. Decrease resting heart rate and blood pressure. Increase blood flow and oxygenation of all body parts. Effect of immobility - Increased cardiac workload. Increased risk for orthostatic hypertension. Increase rates for Venous Thrombosis.

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2
Q

Respiratory system

A

Effects of exercise- Increase depth of respiration. Increased respiratory rate. Increase gas exchange at alveolar level. Increase rate Of carbon dioxide excretion. Effect of immobility - Decrease depth of respiration. Decrease rate of respiration. Pooling of secretion. Impaired gas exchange.

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3
Q

Gastro intestinal system

A

Effect of exercise- increase appetite. Increase intestinal tone. Effect of immobility - Disturbance in appetite. Alter protein metabolism. Alter digesting and utilization of nutrition. Decrease peristalsis.

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4
Q

Urinary system

A

Effect of exercise-increase blood flow to kidney. Increase efficiency in maintaining fluid and acid base balance.Increase efficiency and excretion of body Waste. Effect of immobility-increase urinary stasis. Increased risk of Renal calculi. Decrease bladder muscle tone.

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5
Q

Muscle skeletal system

A

Effects of exercise-Increase muscle efficiency. Increase coordination.Increase efficiency of nerve impulse transmission. Effect of immobility-decreased muscle size tone and strength.Decreased joint mobility flexibility bone demineralization.Decrease endurance and stability. Increased risk for contracture formation.

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6
Q

Metabolic system

A

Effect of exercise-Increase efficiency of metabolic system.Increase efficiency of body temperature regulation. Effect of immobility-Increased risk for electrolyte in balance. Altered exchange of nutrients and gas.

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7
Q

Integument

A

Effects of exercise-improve tone color and turgor Resulting from improve circulation. Effect of immobility-increased risk for skin breakdown and Formation of pressure ulcer.

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8
Q

Psychological well-being

A

Effect of exercise-Energy vitality general well-being improve sleep improves appearance improve self-concept positive health behavior. Effect of immobility-Increased sense of powerlessness decrease self-concept decrease social interaction decreased sensory stimulation alter sleep-wake pattern Increased risk for depression increased risk for learned helplessness

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9
Q

Exercise

A

Active exertion of muscle involving the contraction and relaxation of muscle group

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10
Q

Iso tonic

A

Involve muscle shortening and active movement example includes caring out active daily living independently performing range of motion exercise and swimming walking jogging and bicycling. Benefits include increase muscle mass tone and strength and Improve joint mobility increased cardiac and respiratory function increase circulation and increase Bone building activity.Encourage for limited mobility patient

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11
Q

Isometric

A

Involve muscle contraction without shortening example include contraction of the quadricep and gluteal muscle potential benefits or increase muscle mass tone and strength increase circulation to the exercise body part in increase bone building activity. Sample exercise yoga pose. Isotonic and isometric our encourage for limited mobility patient.

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12
Q

ISO kinetic

A

Involve muscle contraction with resistant example includes rehabilitation exercise.Movement at a constant speed regardless of the force applied use a specialized machine.

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13
Q

aerobic exercise

A

Sustain muscle movement that increase blood flow heart rate and metabolic demand for oxygen overtime promoting cardio vascular conditioning. Example of Aerobic activities include swimming walking jogging bicycling.

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14
Q

Stretching exercise

A

Movement that allow muscle and joint to be stretch gently through their range of motion increasing flexibility.Example our yoga in some form of dance

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15
Q

Strength and endurance exercise

A

Weight training calisthenic and specific isometric exercise can build both strength and endurance increasing the power of the muscular skeletal system and generally improving the whole body

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16
Q

Risk related to exercise

A

Cardiac event, Orthopedic discomfort and disability, Heat exhaustion, heat stroke, Exercise induced asthma,Chest pain related to overexertion.

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17
Q

Characteristic of a successful exercise program

A

The program is individually designed. The program specifies Warm up and cool down activities in a variety of major exercise. The program has frequency intensity and duration. The program is convenient to perform compatible with the person lifestyle and is fun. The person in such a program should understand the program and feel confident the exercise will result in definite health benefit. Obtain a pre-exercise medical examination and medical supervision during exercise I’ve ordered and 35 years or any past or current cardiovascular condition. Begin a new exercise program slowly and allow your body support structure time to accommodate to the stress. No your body and respect it limitation.Respect fatigue. Follow the safety guidelines for specific exercise.

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18
Q

Orthostatic hypertension

A

Temporary fall in blood pressure associated with assuming an upright position. The normal neurovascular adjustment that occurs to maintain systemic blood pressure with position change or not use during period of inactivity and become in operative.A drop in blood pressure may occur as a result of lack of basal constriction when changing from my super into an upright position the person will feel weak and faint when this occurred.

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19
Q

Active exercise

A

The patient independently move joint through their full range of motion

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20
Q

Active assistive exercises

A

The nurse may provide minimal support. Both active and passive exercises Improve joint mobility and increase circulation but only active exercise increases Muscle mass tone and strength and improve cardiac and respiratory function.

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21
Q

Passive exercise

A

The patient is unable to move independently and the nurse move each joint through its range of motion.

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22
Q

Rest

A

A condition in which the body is in the decreased state of activity

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23
Q

Sleep

A

state of rest accompanied by altered consciousness and Relative inactivity. It is a complex rhythmic State involving a progression of repeated cycles each representing different phases of body and brain activity.

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24
Q

Two system in the brain stem

A

The reticular activating system(RAS) And the bulbar synchronizing region Are believed to work together to control the cyclic Nature of the sleep the RAS extend upward toward the medulla the pons the midbrain and into the hypodermis it facilitates reflex voluntary movement as well as cortical activity relate to the state of Alertness. Wakefulness occurs when this system is activated with stimuli from the cerebral cortex and from poor periphery sensory organs and cells.The hypothalamus has control center for several involuntary activities of the body one of which concerns sleeping and waking

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25
Q

Various Nero transmitter involved with the sleeping process

A

Norepinephrine and acetyl choline dopamine serotonin and histamine are involved with excitation. Gamma aminobutyric acid appears to be necessary for inhibition

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26
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Physical mental and behavioral change that occur within a full cycle of 24 hours

27
Q

Nonrapid eye movement sleep(NREM)

A

Consist of four stages stage one and two to consume about 5% to 50% of a person sleep time this time is consider light sleep state. Stage three and four each representing about 10% of total sleep time are considered deep sleep state termed delta sleep or slow wave sleep.

28
Q

Rapid eye movement sleep(REM)

A

Rapid eye movement sleep consume about 20 to 25% of a person nightly sleep time.People who are awakenedDuring rapid eye movement sleep almost always reported that they have been dreaming.During rapid eye movement sleep the pulse respiratory rate blood pressure metabolic rate and body temperature increases where as general skeletal muscle tone and deep tendon reflex are depressed.Plays a role in learning memory and adaptation.

29
Q

Sleeps cycle

A

Four stages of nonrapid eye movement sleep. Pattern of sleep goes from 1 to 4 then from 4 to 2 instead of re-entering stage one the person enter into rapid I movement sleep after which the person re-enter non-rapid eye movement sleep at stage two then three then four rinse and repeat. Average person goes through Ford to five cycle each night each cycle last from 90 to 100 minutes

30
Q

Sleep architecture

A

Term used to describe alternating between rapid eye movement sleep and nonrapid eye movement sleep

31
Q

Nonrapid eye movement sleep stage one

A

The person is in a transition state between wakefulness and sleep.The person is in a relaxed state but still somewhat aware of the surroundings.Involuntary muscle jerking. The stage normally lasts only minutes.The person can be aroused easily. This stage consist only about 5% of total sleep.

32
Q

Stage two

A

The person fall into a state of sleep.The person can be aroused with relative ease.The stage total 50 to 55% of sleep.

33
Q

Stage three

A

The death of sleep increases and arousal become increasingly difficult.About 10% of sleep

34
Q

Stage 4

A

The person reaches the greatest death of sleep which is called Delta sleep.Arousal from sleep is difficult.Physiologic changes in the body-Slow brain waves record on EEG pulse and respiration rateBlood pressure decreases muscles are relaxed metabolism slows and bodytemperature are low This concert to about 10% of sleep

35
Q

Rapid eye movement sleep

A

Eye start back-and-forth quickly.Small muscle twitching on face.Large muscle immobility resemble paralysis respiration irregular rapid or irregular pulse blood pressure increase or fluctuates increase in gastric secretion metabolism increases body temperature increases encephalogram tracing active rapid eye movement sleep enter from stage two of nonrapid eye movement sleep and re-enters non-rapid eye movement sleep at stage two arousal from sleep becomes difficult concept to about 20 to 25% asleep

36
Q

Newborn and infant

A

Newborn sleep on average of 16 hours averages about four hours at a time.Infant sleep pattern is unique on average infant sleep 10 to 12 hours at night with several naps during the day.Rapid eye movement sleep constitute much of a sleep cycle of a young infant. Teach patient a position in film on the back this is the only safe sleeping position for infant less than one year old.Encourage Parents to sleep separately from infant. Caution parents about placing anything in the crib because this may pose suffocation risk.

37
Q

Toddlers

A

Need to sleep decline as this stage progresses Mai initially sleep 12 hours at night with two naps during the day and end this stage sleeping from 8 to 10 hours a night and napping once a day.Toddler may begin to resist now and going to bed at night.They may move from crib to youth bed or regular bed at around two years old.Establish a regular bedtime routine advise parent of the value of a routine sleeping pattern encourage attention to safety one child move from crib to bed a folding gate may be necessary.

38
Q

Preschooler

A

Children in this stage generally sleep 9 to 16 hours a night with 12 being the average the rapid eye movement sleep pattern is similar to that of an adult daytime nap and decreases during this. And by the age of five most children no longer nap this age group may continue to resist going to bed at night.Encourage parents to continue bedtime routine advise parents they’re waking from nightmares are common encouraged to use a night light.

39
Q

School age children

A

Younger school age children may require to sleep 10 to 12 hours a night where as older children may average 8 to 10 hours sleep needs usually increases when physical growth peak.Stress of beginning school may interrupt your sleep pattern advised that a relaxed bedtime routine is most helpful at this stage.Inform parents that children awareness of the concept of death occurs at the stage encourage para rental presence and support to help alleviate some of the concern

40
Q

Adolescent

A

Sleep needs a teenager varies widely but the average requirement is 9 to 10 hours the growth spurt that normally occurs at this stage may necessitate the needsFor more sleep however the stress of school activity and part time employment may cause add a lesson to have restless sleep add a lesson 10 to go to bed later than younger Children and adults but early morning start time for high school and frequently require an early waking time this can result in an average of only 7 to 7 1/2 hour of sleep many adolescent do not get enough sleep.Advise parent that their adolescent complains of fatigue or inability to do well in school may be related to not getting enough sleepExcessive daytime sleepiness me also make the teenager more vulnerable to accident and behavioral problems

41
Q

Young adults

A

The average amount of sleep require is eight hours but in fact many young adults require less sleep. Sleep is affected by many factors physical health type of occupation exercise lifestyle demands may interfere with sleep pattern rapid eye movement sleep average about 20% of sleep reinforce that developing good sleeping habits has a positive affect on health particularly as a person age suggest use of relaxation technique and stress reduction exercise rather than resorting to medication.Sleep medication reduces rapid eye movement sleep

42
Q

Middle age adults

A

Total sleeptime decreases during these years with a decrease in stage 4 sleep.The percentage of time spent awake in bed begin to increase people become more aware of sleep disturbance during this. Encourage adult to investigate Consistent sleep difficulties to exclude pathology or anxiety and depression as causes.Encourage adult to avoid use of sleep inducing medication.

43
Q

Older adults

A

An average of 7 to 9 hr of sleep is usually adequate for this age group.Sleep is less sound and stage for sleep is absent or considerably decrease.Periods of rapid eye movement sleep shorten elderly people frequently have great difficulty falling asleep decline in physical health psychological factors affects of drug therapy or environmental factors may be implicated as cause of inability to sleep.Emphasize concern for safe environment because it is not common for older people to be temporarily confused and disoriented when they are first awake.Use SedatIves With extreme caution because of declining physiologic Function and concern about polypharmacy. Courage people to discuss sleep concern with their physician.

44
Q

Short Sleeper

A

Someone who is sleeping less than six hours a night

45
Q

Physical effects of insufficient sleep

A

Growth and Development hindered performance deficit in behavioral problems increased risk of obesity.30% more frequent and woman who work night shift get breast cancer

46
Q

Leptin

A

Signal the brain to stop eating

47
Q

Gherlin

A

Promotes continuous eating.Sleep deprivation lower Lipton’s level and elevate gherlin thus incrrrase appetite.

48
Q

Psychological effect of inefficient sleep

A

Anxiety personal conflict loneliness depression gastrointestinal symptoms increased rest for breast and colon rectal cancer increase type two diabetes hypertension higher rate of cardiovascular disease including stroke and substance abuse

49
Q

Melatonin

A

A natural chemical produce administer decreases wakefulness and promote sleep

50
Q

L-tryptophan

A

A dietary amino acid made by carbohydrates that act to promote sleep

51
Q

Exercise and sleep

A

Physical activity increase both rapid eye movement sleep and nonrapid eye movement sleep moderate exercise promote sleep but exercise that occur within 3 hours interval Hinder sleep.

52
Q

Dyssomnias

A

Disorder characterized by insomnia or excessive sleepiness. Ex. Insomnia

53
Q

Parasomnias

A

Patterns of waking behavior that Appears during rapid eye movement sleep or nonrapid eye movement stage of sleep. Common seen in children. Outgrown before adulthood. Ex. Somnambulism.

54
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling asleep Internet sleep or waking early from sleep.Common in older people 60+.

55
Q

Hypersomnia

A

Condition characterized by excessive sleep.

56
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Uncontrollable desire to sleep. No cure. Methylphenidate (Ritalin), modafinil (provigil), a wakefulness promoting compound, and sodium oxybate(xylem), a sedative used for threatinf disturbed nocturnal sleep.

57
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Sleep disordered breathing is a condition in which a person experience the absence of breathing (apnea) or diminish breathing effort(hypopnea) during sleep between snoring interval.Common in middle age man who are obese and have Short thick neck. Oxygen level in the blood drop the pulse become a irregular and the blood pressure increase.Activate the Fight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system and a sleeper startles and wake.

58
Q

Restless leg syndrome

A

Perfect out to 15% of the population most often middle age and older adults 2% of children also suffer and there’s appear to be a strong genetic compound almost 75% of these children have a parent with restless leg syndrome.Cannot lie still and report Unpleasant creeping crawling or tingling sensation in the legs usually the sensation or in the cans but may occur anywhere from ankle to thigh face arms or torso. Scene and patient with an stage renal disease diabetes iron deficiency peripheral neuropathy and pregnancy. No cure . Alleviate eliminate use a coffee tobacco and alcohol apply heat or cold use relaxation technique. Ropinirole(requip) and pramipexole dihydrochloride(mirapex) treat rls. Gabapentin enacarbil (Horizont extended-release tablets) and rotigotine transdermal system(neupro) relief sym. Want to change name to Willis-Ekbom disease.

59
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

Decrease in the amount consistency or quality of sleep.

60
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleepwalking.

61
Q

Enuresis

A

Urinating during sleep occurs most commonly in males who are over three

62
Q

Sleep diary

A

Provide specific data on the patient sleep wakefulness pattern over a period of time.Summarize information about sleep patterns possibly indicating activities and behavior that affect the quality and quantity of sleep. The diary is For 14 days and typicallyIncludes a graph of the total number of hours of sleep per day numbers of undisturbed hours of sleep numbers of wakening and so forth.

63
Q

Physical assessment sleep

A

Physical weakness fatigue LethargicNarrowing or glazing of eyes swelling of eyelids yawning rubbing eye slow speechSlumped posture obesity enlarge neck deviated nasal septum

64
Q

Sleep aid medication

A

Benzodiazepine zaleplon(sonata), zolpidem tartrate(ambien)Are often prescribed to promote sleep in older adults because less residual sleepiness. Eszopiclone(lunesta) is prescribed for longer term treatment of chronic insomnia. Ramelteon(rozerem) is prescribed to facilitate the onset of sleep but is not intended for sleep maintenance.

nur 180 (20 decks)

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