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Biology AS > Nucleotides and Nucleic acids > Flashcards

Nucleotides and Nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a nucleotide made of?

A

-A pentose sugar- A nitrogenous base- A phosphate group

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2
Q

What elements are nucleotides made up of?

A

-Carbon-Oxygen-Hydrogen-Nitrogen-Phosphate

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3
Q

Why are nucleotides important?

A

-They’re the monomers that make up DNA and RNA

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4
Q

What is DNA used for?

A

-To store genetic infomation, the instructions used to grow and develop.

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5
Q

What is RNA used for?

A

-To make proteins from instructions in DNA

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6
Q

What are ATP and ADP?

A

-Special types of nucleotides that are used to store and transport energy in cells

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7
Q

What is ribose and what is it used in?

A

-A sugar that is used in RNA instead of deoxyribose

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8
Q

What are the four phosphate groups in DNA?

A

-Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

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9
Q

How do the phosphate groups in DNA pair?

A
  • Adenine and Thymine

- Cytosine and Guanine

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10
Q

What type of bases are adenine and guanine?

A

Purine

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11
Q

What type of bases are cytosine and thymine?

A

Pyrimidine

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12
Q

What pentose sugar is used in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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13
Q

What does a purine base contain?

A
  • Two carbon-nitrogen rings joined together
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14
Q

What does a pyrimidine base contain?

A
  • One carbon-nitrogen ring, making it a smaller base than purine
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15
Q

What are the bases in RNA?

A

-Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine and Guanine

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16
Q

What is a molecule of DNA made up of?

A
  • Two polynucleotide chains
17
Q

What is a molecule of RNA made up of?

A
  • A single polynucleotide chain
18
Q

How do you phosphorylate a nucleotide?

A

Add one or more phosphate groups to it

19
Q

What type of nucleotides are ATP and ADP?

A

Phosphorylated

20
Q

What does ADP contain?

A

-The base adenine, the sugar ribose, and two phosphate groups

21
Q

What does ATP contain?

A

-The base adenine, the sugar ribose and three phosphate groups

22
Q

How is ATP synthesised?

A
  • From ADP and an inorganic phosphate group, using energy from an energy-releasing reaction e.g. the breakdown of glucose in respiration
  • ATP is phosphorylated and a phosphate bond is formed
23
Q

What do nucleotides join together to form?

A

Polynucleotides

24
Q

How are polynucleotides formed?

A
  • Nucleotides join up between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another
  • A phosphodiester bond is formed
25
Q

What does a phosphodiester bond consist of?

A

-The phosphate group and two ester bonds

26
Q

What is the chain of sugars and phosphates known as?

A

The sugar phosphate backbone

27
Q

What do 2 polynucleotide strands join together to form?

A

A double helix

28
Q

What bonds joint the two polynucleotide strands together?

A

Hydrogen bonds between the bases

29
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

Each base only joining to it’s specific partner

30
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between A and T

A

2

31
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between C and G

A

3

32
Q

How can DNA be purified?

A

Using a precipitate reaction

33
Q

When does DNA copy itself?

A

Before cell division

34
Q

Semi conservative replication

A

The copying of DNA so that half of the strands in each new DNA is made of original peices of DNA, new molecule contains half new DNA half old

35
Q

Why is DNA replication so accurate?

A

To ensure that genetic infomation is conserved each time the DNA in the cell is replicated

36
Q

Stage one of semi conservative replication

A
  • DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two polynucleotide DNA strands
  • The helix unzips to form two single strands
37
Q

Stage two of semi conservative replication

A
  • Each original single strand acts as a template for a new strand
  • Free-floating DNA nucleotides joint the exposed bases on each original strand by complementary base pairing
38
Q

Stage three of semi conservative replication

A
  • The nucleotides of the new strands are joined together by DNA polymerase
  • This forms the sugar phosphate backbone
  • Hydrogen bonds form between the bases on the original and new strand
  • Strands twist to form a double helix

Biology AS (17 decks)

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