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Biology AS > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

Define classification

A

The act of arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences

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2
Q

Why do we classify organisms?

A

To make it easier to identify them and study them

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3
Q

Taxonomy definition

A

The study of classification

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4
Q

How do classification systems work?

A

By placing organisms into a taxonomic heirarchy

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5
Q

What are the 8 levels of taxonomic groups? (in order)

A

-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species
Keep Pond Clean Or Frog Gets Sick

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6
Q

What happens to the groups as you move down the heirarchy?

A

There are more groups but fewer organisms in each group

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7
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms in the five kingdom classification system?

A
  • Prokaryotae
  • Protoctista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
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8
Q

What are the general features of the Prokaryotae group?

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Unicellular
  • No nucleus
  • Less than 5 nanometers
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9
Q

What are the general features of the Protoctista group?

A
  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Usually live in water
  • Single celled or simple multicellular organisms
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10
Q

General features of the Fungi group

A
  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Chitin cell wall
  • Saprotrophic
  • Single celled or multicellular organisms
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11
Q

Define saprotrophic

A

-Can absorb substances from dead or decaying organisms

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12
Q

General features of Plantae group

A
  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Multicellular
  • Cell walls made of cellulose
  • Can photosynthesise
  • Contain chlorophyll
  • Autotrophic
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13
Q

General features of Animalia group

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • No cell walls
  • Heterotrophic
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14
Q

What is the naming system used for classification called?

A

The binomial system

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15
Q

How does the binomial naming system work?

A
  • The first part of the name is the genus name, and has a capital letter
  • The second part of the name is the species, written with a lower case letter
  • Names are always written in italics
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16
Q

Why is the binomial system used?

A

-To help avoid the confusion of using common names, e.g. over 100 different species are called raspberries

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17
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms. Tells us who’s related to whom and how closely

18
Q

What have all organisms evolved from?

A

A shared common ancestor

19
Q

How can the relationship between organisms be shown?

A

Phylogenetic tree

20
Q

On a phylogenetic tree, how can you tell species are closely related?

A

How reacently they divereged away from each other e.g. closely related species diverge away from each other most recently

21
Q

Cladistics

A

The method of classifying organisms and taking into account phylogeny when arranging into groups

22
Q

What was early classification based on?

A

Observational features

23
Q

What is the problem with classifying based purely on observational features?

A

Scientists don’t always agree on the relative importance of different features and physical features alone may not show how closely related organisms are

24
Q

What are the types of evidence that we now use to classify organism?

A
  • Molecular evidence
  • Embryological evidence
  • Anatomical evidence
  • Behavioural evidence
25
Q

Describe molecular evidence for classification

A
  • The similarities in proteins and DNA
  • More closely related organisms will have more similar molecules
  • Can compare how DNA is stored, sequence of the bases
  • Can compare sequence of amino acids in proteins
26
Q

How closely related are human and chimpanzee DNA?

A

94% the same

27
Q

Cytochrome C

A
  • A protein used in the process of respiration
  • All living things that respire must have it
  • Not identical in all species
28
Q

How can cytochrome c be used to identify how closely species are related?

A

By identifying and comparing the amino acids in cytochrome c

  • If the sequences are the same=closely related
  • The more differences between the sequences the less closely related the species
29
Q

Describe embryological evidence for classification

A

The similarities in early stages of an organisms development

30
Q

Describe anatomical evidencs for classification

A

The similarities in structure and function of different body parts

31
Q

Describe structural evidence for classification

A

The similarities in behaviour and social organisation of organisms

32
Q

What can new technology do for classification?

A

Can result in new discoveries being made and relationships between organisms being clarifyed

33
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A
  • Eukarya
  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
34
Q

Which kingdom split to create what 2 domains?

A

Prokaryotae split to create Archaea and Bacteria

35
Q

What do organisms need to have to be in the kingdom of Eukarya?

A

A nucleus

36
Q

Why was the three domains system proposed?

A

Because of new molecular evidence that showed large differences between Archaea and Bacteria

37
Q

What was the evidence that changed the 5 kingdome system?

A
  • Molecular evidence that the enzyme RNA polymerase is different in Bacteria and Archaea. Archaea, but not bacteria, have similar histones to Eukarya
  • Cell membrane evidence that the bonds of lipids in cell membranes of bacteria and Archaea are different, the development and composition of flagellae are also different
38
Q

What is the domain Archaea more closely related to?

A

-Eukarya

39
Q

Define Variation

A

The differences that exisit between individuals. Even clones show some variation

40
Q

What are the 2 types of variation?

A

Intraspecific variation and interspecific variaton

41
Q

Define intraspecific variation

A

Variation within species.

42
Q

Define interspecific variation

A

Variation between species

Biology AS (17 decks)

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