Nucleotides And Genetics Flashcards by Jenica Dela Cruz

Nucleotides with pyrimidine bases

CUT the Pie
Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

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Nucleotides with Purine bases

Pure as gold
Adenine
Guanine

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In nucleotides, the phosphoryl group is attached to which carbon in the pentose?

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Most nucleosides are linked to a purine or pyrimidine through what bond

B-N glycosidic bond

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Rate limiting enzyme of purine synthesis

PRPP glutamyl amidotransferase

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Rate limiting enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2

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Donors of atoms in purine synthesis

Gold Tarnished puRING

Glycine
Tetrahydrofolate

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Donors of atoms in pyrimidine synthesis

Cut the pie and put it in a CAGe

Glutamine
Aspartate
CO2

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Parent molecule in purine synthesis

Inosine monophosphate

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Parent molecule in pyrimidine synthesis

Orotidine monophosphate

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Enzymes in pyrimidine synthesis

Ricbonucleotide reductase

Thymidylate synthase

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What enzyme converts ribose 5 phosphate to PRPP?

PRPP synthetase

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Enzymes inhibited by 5FU

Thymidylate synthase

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Purine rings cannot be cleaved in human cells so it is converted into

Uric acid

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Disease associated with accumulation of purines

Gout

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Pyrimidines can be converted into these products for degradation

B-alanine: precursor of acetyl CoA

B- aminoisobutyrate: precursor of succinyl CoA

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What is the source of ribose 5 phosphate

PRPP

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Irreversible enzymes of purine salvage pathway

APRT

HGPRT

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Highly repetitive sequences at the end of chromosomes

Telomeres

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Form of DNA with 11 base pairs and right handed helix

A DNA

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Form of DNA with 10 base pairs per turn

Right handed helix

B DNA

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Form of DNA with left handed helix and 12 base pairs

Z DNA

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Chargaff’s rule applies to RNA or DNA?

DNA

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Most common form of DNA

B DNA

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RNA that serves as the template for protein synthesis

Messenger RNA

In eukaryotes, the methylguanosine cap of RNA is in the

5' end

The poly A tail of RNA is in what end?

3' end

RNA that is the Site for protein synthesis

Ribosomal RNA

RNA that translates nucleotide sequence of mRNA into specific amino acids

Transfer RNA

This RNA has 74-95 nucleotides and 20 different species Contains the antocodon and cloverleaf appearance in 2D

Transfer RNA

RNA involved in splicing, removal of introns

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

RNA that inhibit gene expression

Micro RNA | Silencing RNA

DNA replication occurs in this phase of the cell cycle

S phase

The origin of replication is recognized by

Origin recognition complex

Unwinds the double helix in a process that is driven by ATP

Helicase

This maintains the separation of parent strands in DNA replication

Scotch tape | DNA binding proteins

This relieves the torsional strain from helicase induced unwinding

Gupit the buhol Topoisomerase I

This synthesizes short segmentd of complementary RNA primers

Primase

Elongates the DNA strand by adding new deoxyribonuscleotides

DNA polymerase III

Okazaki fragments is found in which strand

Lagging strand

Mismatched nucleotides are removed using DNA polymerase III enzyme's Proofreading

3-5' exonuclease

When another primer is reached this enzyme removes the ribonucleotides using 5-3' exonuclease and fills the gap

DNA polymerase 1

Seals the nick by catalyzing the formation of the last phosphodiester bond, requiring hydrolysis of ATP

DNA ligase

RNA primers are removed by these enzymes in eukaryotes

RNase H and FEN 1

This process involves the synthesis of RNA using DNA as template

Transcription

In the initiation step of RNA synthesis, RNA polymerase binds to DNA promoter sequences. What are the promoter sequences in prokaryotes?

-35 sequence | Pribnow box

In the initiation step of RNA synthesis, RNA polymerase binds to DNA promoter sequences. What are the promoter sequences in eukaryotes?

TATA or hogness box CAAT box Hog and cat in eukaryotes

In RNA initiation step, unwinding of DNA occurs to form a

Transcription bubble

Elongation of RNA is continuous until a termintation signal is reached like

Hairpin loop

Removal of introns and splicing of exons, and RNA changes are all part of

Post transcriptional modifications

RNA post transcriptional modification involves addition of

Poly A or CCA tail | Addition of 7 methylguanosine cap

Part of bacterial chromosome thag controls the synthesis of enzymes involved in lactose metabolism

Lactose operon

A codon consists of how many bases?

3 bases

How many codons are present in total?

64 codons

What are the stop codons?

UAG UAA UGA

Start codon for methionine

AUG

What are the characteristics of the genetic code? DUNU

``` I DUNU Degenerate Unambiguous Nonoverlapping Universal ```

Characteristic of the genetic code that says that multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

Degenerate

Genetic code characteristic that says that a specific codon always codes for the same amino acid

Unambiguous

Characteristic of the genetic code that reads the codon in a continuing sequence until a stop codon is reached

Nonoverlapping

Characteristic of the genetic code that has been conserved from the very early stages of evolution

Universal

Contains the first codon in initiation step of Protein synthesis

Aminoacyl tRNA

Charging of amino acids by synthetases requires

2 ATP

Binding site for incoming tRNA

A site

Site occupied by peptidyl tRNA in initiation

P site

Site occupied by empty tRNA

E site

A cyclic process on the ribosome where one amino acid at a time is added to the peptide chain

Elongation

Peptide bond formation is elongation is catalyzed by

Peptidyltransferase

Allows a single tRNA to recognize more than one codon Accurate base pairing required only on the 1st two nucleotide positions of mRNA codon

tRNA wobble

Energy required for protein synthesis

4 high energy bonds 2 from tRNA aminoacylation 1 from loading tRNA to ribosome 1 from translocation

Proteins that are defective are marked for destruction by

Ubiquitin

Defectives proteins are degraded by

Proteasomes

Type of mutation where new codons code for the same amino acid No effect on protein

Silent mutation

Type of mutation where new codons codes for a different amino acid with variable effect on protein

Missense mutation

Type of mutation where the new codon is a stop codon

Nonsense mutation

Type of point mutation where there is purine-purine or pyrimidine- pyrimidine exchange

Transition

Point mutation where there is pyrimidine-purine or purine-pyrimidine exchange

Transversion

Type of mutation where there is deletion or addition of bases that results to shorter than normal, non functional protein

Frame shift mutation

Expansions in coding regions that cause the protein product to be longer than normal or unstable Show anticipation in pedigree

Triple repeat expansion