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Biochem > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

This type of pathway is the link between anabolic and catabolic pathways

A

Amphibolic

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2
Q

Krebs cycle is an example of what type of pathway?

A

Amphibolic

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3
Q

Protein kinase of cAMP

A

Protein kinase A

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4
Q

Protein kinase of IP3/DAG

A

Protein kinase C

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5
Q

Sugar units are linked together by what type of bond

A

Glycosidic bond

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6
Q

Mirror image of a carbohydrate

A

Enantiomer

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7
Q

Hexose monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Mannose

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8
Q

Pentose monosaccharides

A

Ribose
Ribulose
Xylulose

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9
Q

Oxidation of glucose yields

A

Glucuronic acid

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10
Q

Reduction of glucose yields

A

Sorbitol

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11
Q

Monosaccharide that is a constituent of glycoproteins

A

Mannose

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12
Q

Monosaccharide that is a structural component of nucleic acids and coenzymes

A

Ribose

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13
Q

Monosaccharide that is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway

A

Ribulose

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14
Q

Monosaccharide that is excreted in urine in essential pentosuria

A

Xylulose

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15
Q

Glucose plus fructose

A

Sucrose

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16
Q

Glucose plus galactose

A

Lactose

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17
Q

Glucose plus glucose

A

Maltose

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18
Q

Most important dietary carbohydrate in cereals, potatoes, legumes with alpha glycosidic bonds

A

Starch

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19
Q

Found in plant cell walls

A

Cellulose

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20
Q

Polysaccharide of fructose that is readily soluble in water

A

Inulin

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21
Q

Insulin stimulated glucose transporter

A

GLUT 4

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22
Q

Glucose transporter in brain

A

GLUT 1 and 3

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23
Q

Glucose transporter in liver and pancreas

A

GLUT 2

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24
Q

Glucose transporter in placenta

A

GLUT 1 and 3

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25
Q

Glucose transporter in RBC

A

GLUT 1

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26
Q

Glucose transporter in small intestine

A

BM- glut 2

Lumen- glut 5

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27
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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28
Q

Rate limiting step of glycolysis

A

Fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

PFK 1

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29
Q

NET ATP in glycolysis

A

2 ATPs

4 generated
2 consumed- step 1 and 3

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30
Q

Enzyme in the 1st step of glycolysis that has low Km and high affinity

A

Hexokinase

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31
Q

Enzyme in the phosphorylation of glucose that is only present in the liver and pancreas

A

Glucokinase

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32
Q

Enzyme inhibited by fructose 6 phosphate

A

Glucokinase

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33
Q

Inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate

A

Hexokinase

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34
Q

Activator of PFK 1

A

Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate that is a product of PFK 2

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35
Q

PFK 2 is activated during the

A

Well fed state

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36
Q

Inhibits PFK 1

A

Citrate

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37
Q

2 steps in glycolysis that produce ATP

A

1,3 BPG to 3 phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase

Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase

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38
Q

Step in glycolysis that produces NADH

A

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3 BPG by glyceraldehyde 3P dehydrogenase

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39
Q

In anaerobic glycolysis, pyruvate is converted to lactate by

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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40
Q

Which tissues use glycerophosphate shuttle?

A

Brain

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41
Q

Energy yield of glycerophosphate shuttle

A

1 FADH= 1.5 ATP

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42
Q

Which tissues use malate aspartate shuttle

A

Heart, most tissues

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43
Q

Energy yield of malate aspartate shuttle

A

1 NADH= 2.5 ATP

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44
Q

Net ATP yield in aerobic glycolysis

A

5 or 7

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45
Q

Net ATP yield in anaerobic glycolysis

A

2

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46
Q

Found in RBC where step catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase is bypassed

A

2,3 BPG

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47
Q

1,3 BPG is converted to 2,3 BPG by this enzyme

A

Bisphosphoglycerate mutase

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48
Q

4 fates of puruvate

A

Lactate- lactate dehydrogenase
Acetyl CoA- pyruvate dehydrogenase
Ethanol- pyruvate decarboxylase
Oxaloacetate- pyruvate carboxylase

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49
Q

Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA through this enzyme

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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50
Q

Coenzymes of pyruvate dehydrogenase

A 
Thiamine
FAD
NAD
Coenzyme A
Lipoic acid
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51
Q

Most common enzyme defect in glycolysis

A

Pyruvate kinase

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52
Q

Pyruvate kinase deficiency can lead to

A

Hemolytic anemia

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53
Q

Deficiency in muscle PFK can lead to

A

Low exercise capacity

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54
Q

Most common cause of congenital lactic acidosis

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

55
Q

Maturity onset diabetes of the young type 2 is due to mutations that decrease the activity of this enzyme in glycolysis

A

Glucokinase

56
Q

What element competes with inorganic phosphate as substrate for glyceraldehyde 3P dehydrogenase

A

Arsenic

57
Q

Chronic alcoholism leads to this vitamin deficiency

A

Thiamine

58
Q

Final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates, lipid and proteins

A

Citric acid cycle

59
Q

Major pathway for formation of ATP

A

Citric acid cycle

60
Q

Citric acid cycle occurs in what part of the cell

A

Mitochondria

61
Q

Substrate for glycolysis

A

Glucose

62
Q

Substrate for citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl CoA

63
Q

Products of Krebs

A

2 CO2
1 GTP
3 NADH
1 FADH

64
Q

Rate limiting step of Krebs

A

Isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate by isocitrate dehydrogenase

65
Q

Which step in Krebs produces GTP?

A

Succinyl CoA to succinate step by substrate level phosphorylation

66
Q

Which step in Krebs produces FADH?

A

Succinate to fumarate step

67
Q

Which step in Krebs produces CO2 and NADH?

A

Isocitrate to a ketoglutarate
Alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA
Malate to oxaloacetate

68
Q

TCA intermediate that delivers acetyl CoA to the cytosol for FA synthesis

A

Citrate

69
Q

TCA intermediate used in heme synthesis and ketone body activation

A

Succinyl CoA

70
Q

TCA intermediate that may be used in gluconeogenesis

A

Malate

71
Q

True or false:

TCA has hormonal control

A

False

72
Q

ATP yield for TCA

A

10 ATP

3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 GTP

73
Q

Complete oxidation of glucose yields how many ATP

A

30 or 32

74
Q

Pathways occurring in both cytosol and mitochondria

A

HUG
heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis

75
Q

Gluconeogenesis occurs in what organs?

A

Liver and kidney

76
Q

Gluconeogenesis substrates

A

Intermediates from glycolysis or TCA
Glycerol and propionyl CoA from TAG
Lactate through Cori cycle
Glucogenic amino acids

77
Q

Rate limiting step of gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate through fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

78
Q

The reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase in gluconeogenesis requires

A

Biotin and ATP

79
Q

All carboxylases require this as a cofactor

A

Biotin

80
Q

Oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate by PEP carboxykinase requires

A

GTP

81
Q

Final step in gluconeogenesis that is shared with glycogenolysis

A

G6P to glucose by glucose 6 phosphatase

82
Q

Pathway where lactate formed by glycolysis in skeletal muscle is transported to liver where it is converted back to glucose through gluconeogenesis

A

Cori cycle

83
Q

Gluconeogenesis energy requirement

A

Cleavage of 6 high energy phosphate bonds- 2 GTP and 4 ATP

2 NADH

84
Q

Hyperglycemia in critically ill patients can be attributed to

A

Excessive gluconeogenesis in response to injury and infection

85
Q

Major storage carbohydrate in animals

A

Glycogen

86
Q

Glycogenolysis occurs in what organs?

A

Liver and muscle

87
Q

Where does glycogenesis occur?

A

Cytosol

88
Q

Rate limiting step of glycogenesis

A

Elongation of glycogen chains through glycogen synthase

89
Q

Protein that serves as a primer for glycogen synthesis when glycogen is completely depleted

A

Glycogenin

90
Q

Glucose is attached to _________ and becomes the source of all glucosyl residues that are added to the glycogen molecule

A

Uridine diphosphate

91
Q

Enzymes in synthesis of UDP glucose

A

Phosphoglucomutase

UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase

92
Q

A(1-6) bonds are formed by transferring how many glucosyl residues?

A

5-8

93
Q

Products of glycogenolysis

A

Glucose in liver

Glucose 6 phosphate in muscle

94
Q

Rate limiting step of glycogenolysis

A

Shortening of glycogen chains by glycogen phosphorylase

95
Q

Coenzyme of glycogen phosphorylase

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

96
Q

Limit dextrin is when there are only how many glucosyl units remaining?

A

4

97
Q

Debranching enzyme consists of

A

Alpha 1-4 glucantransferase

Alpha 1-6 glucosidase

98
Q

Lysosomal degradation of glycogen is through this enzyme

A

Acid maltase

Alpha 1-4 glucosidase

99
Q

Von Gierke happens in this enzyme deficiency

A

Glucose 6 phosphatase

100
Q

Deficiency in lysosomal acid maltase results to

A

Pompe disease

101
Q

Glycogen storage disease where there is fasting hypoglycemia and muscle weakness due to deficient debranching enzyme

A

Cori disease

102
Q

Disease where there is increased limit dextrin

A

Cori cycle

103
Q

Deficient branching enzyme where there is hepatosplenomegaly, increased polysaccharides and heart and liver failure by age 5

A

Andersen disease

104
Q

McArdle disease where there is poor exercise tolerance is due to deficient

A

Muscle phosphorylase

105
Q

Hers disease is caused by deficiency in

A

Liver phosphorylase

106
Q

Galactose to galactose 1P is due to which enzyme

A

Galactokinase

107
Q

UDP galactose to UDP glucose is mediated by which enzyme

A

UPD hexose 4 epimerase

108
Q

This enzyme deficiency can cause cataracts in early childhood

A

Galactokinase

109
Q

This enzyme deficiency can cause vomiting, jaundice, poor growth in children, MR and premature ovarian failure

A

Galactose 1 phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) deficiency

110
Q

Fructose 1 P to DHAP

A

Aldolase B

111
Q

Fructose 1,6 BP to DHAP

A

Aldolase A

112
Q

Aldolase B defiency can cause these symptoms

A

Hypoglycemia and vomiting after fructose or sucrose consumption

113
Q

Glucose to sorbitol is catalyzed by

A

Aldose reductase

114
Q

Sorbitol to fructose is mediated by sorbitol dehydrogenase and is found in these organs

A

Liver
Ovaries
Seminal vesicles

115
Q

Deficiency in which disaccharide occurs in Inuit people of Greenland and Canada

A

Sucrase Isolmaltase complex deficiency

116
Q

Alternative pathway for oxidation of glucose in the liver

A

Uronic acid pathway

117
Q

Main pathway for glucuronic and iduronic acid

A

Uronic acid pathway

118
Q

Humans cannot synthesize ascorbic acid because of the lack of

A

L-gulonolactone oxidase

119
Q

Essential component of glycosaminoglycans and detoxification of bilirubin, steroids and morphine

A

Glucuronic acid

120
Q

Products of pentose phosphate pathway

A

NADPH

Ribose 5 phosphate

121
Q

Pathway that neither consumes nor produces ATP

A

HMP shunt

122
Q

Rate limiting step of pentose phosphate pathway

A

Glucose 6P to 6 phosphogluconate

Glucose 6P dehydrogenase

123
Q

G6P dehydrogenase is the key enzyme in which phase of the HMP shunt?

A

1st phase

124
Q

What phase of the PPP is oxidative and irreversible?

A

1st phase

125
Q

What is the product of the 1st phase of PPP

A

2 NADPH

126
Q

What is the enzyme of the 2nd phase of the HMP shunt?

A

Transketolases

127
Q

Cofactor of transketolases in the pentose phosphate pathway

A

Thiamine

128
Q

Product of the 2nd phase of PPP

A

Ribose 5 phosphate

129
Q

This substance removes H2O2 in a reaction catalyzed by glutathione peroxidase

A

Glutathione

130
Q

Most common disease producing enzyme abnormality

A

G6PD deficiency

131
Q

Pathology in G6PD where there is altered hemoglobin that precipitates in the RBC

A

Heinz bodies

132
Q

Abnormally shaped RBCs in G6PD due to phagocytic removal of Heinz bodies in spleen

A

Bite cells

133
Q

Disease that is due to NAPH oxidase deficiency that converts molecular oxygen into superoxidase and used in respiratory burst that kills bacteria

A

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Biochem (7 decks)

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