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Biochem > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Predominant fatty acid in coconut oil

A

Lauric acid

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2
Q

End product of mammalian fatty acid is called

A

Palmitic acid

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3
Q

Predominant fatty acid in olive oil

A

Oleic acid

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4
Q

What are the 2 essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic

Linolenic

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5
Q

Fatty acid that is a precursor of prostaglandins

A

Arachidonic acid

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6
Q

Arachidonic acid is derived from which fatty acid?

A

Linoleic acid

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7
Q

Shortest fatty acid

A

Acetyl CoA- 2 carbons

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8
Q

How many carbons does palmitic acid have?

A

16

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9
Q

Which fatty acid is also called omega 3?

A

Linolenic acid

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10
Q

Which fatty acid is also called omega 6?

A

Linoleic

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11
Q

How many carbons does oleic, linolenic and linoleic have?

A

18

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12
Q

At what carbons does the double bond of linolenic acid happen?

A

9,12,15

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13
Q

At what carbons does the double bond of linoleic acid happen?

A

9 and 12

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14
Q

Oleic acid has a double bond at what carbon?

A

9

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15
Q

Activation of fatty acids occur through which enzyme?

A

Fatty Acyl CoA synthetase

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16
Q

Cofactor of fatty acyl CoA synthetase

A

Coenzyme A

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17
Q

At which organ does lipogenesis occur

A

Liver

Kidney, brain, lung, mammary gland and adipose tissue

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18
Q

What is the product of Lipogenesis

A

Palmitoyl CoA

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19
Q

What is the substrate in lipogenesis

A

Acetyl CoA

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20
Q

Rate limiting step of lipogenesis

A

Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA through acetyl CoA carboxylase

Adik sa Chicharon Chubby

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21
Q

Mitochondrial acetyl CoA is transported to the cytosol through what shuttle

A

Citrate

I ATE- citrate

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22
Q

Lipogenesis occurs in what part of the cell?

A

Cytosol

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23
Q

Acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA step is activated by the presence of

A

Citrate and insulin

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24
Q

Elongation of fatty acids to Palmitoyl CoA us through what enzyme

A

Fatty acid synthase enzyme complex

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25
Q

Coenzyme of acetyl CoA carboxylase

A

Biotin

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26
Q

What is the primer used in fatty acid elongation

A

Acetyl CoA

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27
Q

Required as a donor of reducing equivalents in the reduction reactions during Lipogenesis

A

NADPH

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28
Q

What are the steps of Lipogenesis?

A

Code Red Red

Condensation
Reduction
Dehydration
Reduction

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29
Q

Sources of NADPH used in Lipogenesis

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Minor sources:
Malic enzyme and isocitrate dehydrogenase

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30
Q

Humans can only do double bonds up to which carbon?

A

Carbon 9

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31
Q

Further elongation of fatty acids occur in the

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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32
Q

Steps in lipogenesis is repeated how many times?

A

7

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33
Q

Fatty acids storage form is called

A

Triacylglycerol

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34
Q

Where are triacylglycerols stored?

A

Liver and adipose

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35
Q

Sources of Glycerol 3 phosphate

A

DHAP from glycolysis

Phosphorylation of free glycerol

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36
Q

Glycerol 3 phosphate from glycolysis can be found in which organ

A

Liver and muscle

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37
Q

Free glycerol can be found in what organ

A

Liver only

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38
Q

Mobilization of stored fats to release fatty acids is through what enzyme

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

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39
Q

Where does beta oxidation occur in the cell

A

Mitochondria

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40
Q

Fatty acid activation occurs in what part of the cell

A

Cytosol

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41
Q

What is the substrate for beta oxidation

A

Palmitate

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42
Q

What are the products of beta oxidation

A

8 acetyl CoA
7 NADH
7 FADH

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43
Q

What is the rate limiting step of beta oxidation

A

Translocation of fatty acyl CoA from cytosol to mitochondria through Carnitine-palmitoyl transferase

Carni-THIN

44
Q

What enzyme attaches fatty acyl to carnitine in the outer mitochondrial membrane?

A

Carnitine acyltransferase 1

45
Q

Degradation of fatty acids in beta oxidation steps

A 
OHOT
Oxidation
Hydration
Oxidation
Thiolysis
46
Q

Enzyme in fatty acyl CoA degradation is collectively called

A

Fatty acid oxidase

47
Q

Which enzyme in fatty acid oxidase enzyme complex is chain length specific?

A

Fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase

48
Q

ATP yiled of palmitate in beta oxidation

A

106 ATPs

8 acetyl CoA- 80
7 FADH (x1.5)- 10.5
7 NADH (x2.5)- 17.5
-2 ATPs from activation

49
Q

Oxidation of fatty acids with odd number of carbon atoms will yield acetyl CoA and a molecule of ____

A

Propionyl CoA

50
Q

Propionyl CoA is then converted to this substrate which can be used in Krebs

A

Succinyl CoA

51
Q

Propionyl CoA carboxylase which is used to convert propionyl to methylmalonyl CoA uses which coenzyme?

A

Biotin

52
Q

Methylmalonyl mutase requires what coenzyme to convert methylmalonyl to succinyl CoA?

A

Vitamin B12

53
Q

Very long chain fatty acids are oxidized by?

A

Peroxisomes

54
Q

Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids require what enzyme

A

3,2 enoyl-CoA isomerase

55
Q

Malonyl CoA inhibits what pathway

A

Beta oxidation

56
Q

Deficiency of this substance can be due to inadequate synthesis or renal loss and can lead to hypoglycemia and lipid accumulation with muscular weakness

A

Carnitine

57
Q

This deficiency leads to reduced fatty acid oxidation that leads to severe hypoglycemia and coma

Affects the liver

A

Carnitine Palmitoyl transferase 1

58
Q

Affects the liver and muscle, this deficiency can manifest with cardiomyopathy, muscle weakness with myoglobinemia after prolonged exercise

A

Carnitine Palmitoyl transferase 2

59
Q

This enzyme deficiency leads to decreased oxidation of fatty acids with 6-10 carbons

A

Medium chain fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency

60
Q

Most common inborn error of fatty acid oxidation

Autsomal recessive

A

MCAD deficiency

61
Q

This disease is caused by eating the unripe fruit of an Akee tree

Hypoglycin inactivates short and medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase that inhibits beta oxidation

A

Jamaican Vomiting sickness

62
Q

This disease is from deficient phytanoyl CoA hydroxylase that leads to accumulation of phytanic acid and manifest as peripheral neuropathy and ataxia, retinis pigmentosa

A

Refsum disease

63
Q

Inherited absence of peroxisomes that leads to accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in liver and CNS

A

Zellweger disease

64
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy results from inability to transport VLCFA across the peroxisomal membrane and accumulation in which organs

A

Brain
Adrenals
Testis

65
Q

Where does ketogenesis occur in the cell

A

Liver mitochondria

66
Q

What is the substrate of ketogenesis

A

Acetyl CoA

67
Q

What are the products of ketogenesis

A

Acetoacetate
Beta hydroxybutyrate
Acetone

68
Q

What is the rate limiting step of ketogenesis?

A

Acetoacetyl CoA + Acetyl CoA to HMG COA through HMG COA synthase

KHetones

69
Q

The liver is not able to use ketone bodies as fuel because it lacks what enzyme

A

Thiophorase

70
Q

What product of ketogenesis is not detected in the Na nitroprusside reaction test?

A

B- hydroxybutyrate

71
Q

Cholesterol in diet is stored in what form?

A

Cholesteryl esters

72
Q

Double bond of cholesterol is found at

A

Carbon 5 and 6 of the B ring

73
Q

Hydroxyl group of cholesterol is attached to what carbon

A

Carbon 3 of the A ring

74
Q

How many carbons does cholesterol have?

A

27

75
Q

Where does the hydrocarbon chain of cholesterol attach?

A

Carbon 17 of the D ring

76
Q

Cholesterol are turned into bile acids through what enzyme

A

7a- hydroxylase

77
Q

What are the primary bile acids

A

Cholic acid

Chenodeoxycholic acid

78
Q

Bile acids are conjugated with what substances to form bile salts?

A

Taurine

Glyine

79
Q

Cholesterol is turned to adrenal hormones through what enzyme

A

Desmolase

80
Q

What is the substrate for cholesterol synthesis?

A

Acetyl CoA

81
Q

Where does cholesterol synthesis occur in the cell

A

Cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum

82
Q

What is the rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG COA to Mevalonate through HMG COA reductase that requires 2 NADPH

83
Q

Presence of this factor inhibits cholesterol synthesis

A

Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) transcription factor

84
Q

Cholesterol ring cannot be synthesized by humans so it is converted into bile salts which are excreted in feces or into bile where intestinal bacteria can convert it into _____ and _____

A

Coprostanol

Cholestanol

85
Q

Most common form of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia where glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are deficient

A

21 a-hydroxylase deficiency

86
Q

CAH enzyme deficiency that results in decrease cortisol, aldosterone and corticosterone

A

11 b hydroxylase deficiency

87
Q

Spherical macromolecular complexes of lipids and proteins are called

A

Apoproteins (apolipoproteins)

88
Q

Lipoprotein that has the largest diameter, lowest density and highest TAG content

A

Chylomicron

89
Q

Lipoprotein that has highest cholesterol content

A

LDL

90
Q

Lipoprotein that has highest protein content

A

HDL

91
Q

Apolipoprotein that is found mainly in HDL and is a cofactor of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase

A

Apo A1

92
Q

Main apolipoprotein and mediates secretion of VLDL

A

Apo B100

93
Q

Main apolipoprotein and mediates secretion of chylomicrons

A

Apo B48

94
Q

Apolipoprotein that is a cofactor of lipoprotein lipase

A

Apo C2

95
Q

Apolipoprotein that mediates uptake of chylomicron remnants and IDLs

A

Apo E

96
Q

Chronic alcohol consumption leads to fatty liver due to increased NADH that leads to decreased

A

Beta oxidation

97
Q

Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia that has no increased risk of coronary disease

A

Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency

98
Q

Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia that has abnormal apo E

Hypercholesterolemia
Xanthoma
Atherosclerosis

A

Familial dysbetalipoprotenemia

99
Q

Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia that has defective LDL receptor

High LDL and cholesterol
Atherosclerosis and coronary disease

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia

100
Q

Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia that has deficient apo C2 or lipoprotein lipase

Low LDL, HDL

A

Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency

101
Q

Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia that has overproduction of VLDL

High VLDL and cholesterol, subnormal LDL and HDL

Coronary disease, T2DM, obesity, alcoholism

A

Familial hypertriacylglycerolemia

102
Q

Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia that has atherosclerosis and thrombosis due to inhibition of fibrinolysis

A

Familial lipoprotein A excess

103
Q

Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia that has high HDL levels

A

Familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia

104
Q

Familial hypolipoproteinemia that has a defect in loading of Apo B

Low TAG, accumulation of TAG in liver and intestines

Treatment: high dose water soluble vitamins particularly vitamin E

A

Familial Abetalipoproteinemia

105
Q

Tangier disease
Fish eye disease
Low or near absence of HDL
High TAG, atherosclerosis in elderly

A

Familial alpha lipoprotein deficiency

Biochem (7 decks)

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