Lipids Flashcards
1
Q
Predominant fatty acid in coconut oil
A
Lauric acid
2
Q
End product of mammalian fatty acid is called
A
Palmitic acid
3
Q
Predominant fatty acid in olive oil
A
Oleic acid
4
Q
What are the 2 essential fatty acids
A
Linoleic
Linolenic
5
Q
Fatty acid that is a precursor of prostaglandins
A
Arachidonic acid
6
Q
Arachidonic acid is derived from which fatty acid?
A
Linoleic acid
7
Q
Shortest fatty acid
A
Acetyl CoA- 2 carbons
8
Q
How many carbons does palmitic acid have?
A
16
9
Q
Which fatty acid is also called omega 3?
A
Linolenic acid
10
Q
Which fatty acid is also called omega 6?
A
Linoleic
11
Q
How many carbons does oleic, linolenic and linoleic have?
A
18
12
Q
At what carbons does the double bond of linolenic acid happen?
A
9,12,15
13
Q
At what carbons does the double bond of linoleic acid happen?
A
9 and 12
14
Q
Oleic acid has a double bond at what carbon?
A
9
15
Q
Activation of fatty acids occur through which enzyme?
A
Fatty Acyl CoA synthetase
16
Q
Cofactor of fatty acyl CoA synthetase
A
Coenzyme A
17
Q
At which organ does lipogenesis occur
A
Liver
Kidney, brain, lung, mammary gland and adipose tissue
18
Q
What is the product of Lipogenesis
A
Palmitoyl CoA
19
Q
What is the substrate in lipogenesis
A
Acetyl CoA
20
Q
Rate limiting step of lipogenesis
A
Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA through acetyl CoA carboxylase
Adik sa Chicharon Chubby
21
Q
Mitochondrial acetyl CoA is transported to the cytosol through what shuttle
A
Citrate
I ATE- citrate
22
Q
Lipogenesis occurs in what part of the cell?
A
Cytosol
23
Q
Acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA step is activated by the presence of
A
Citrate and insulin
24
Q
Elongation of fatty acids to Palmitoyl CoA us through what enzyme
A
Fatty acid synthase enzyme complex
25
Coenzyme of acetyl CoA carboxylase
Biotin
26
What is the primer used in fatty acid elongation
Acetyl CoA
27
Required as a donor of reducing equivalents in the reduction reactions during Lipogenesis
NADPH
28
What are the steps of Lipogenesis?
Code Red Red
Condensation
Reduction
Dehydration
Reduction
29
Sources of NADPH used in Lipogenesis
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Minor sources:
Malic enzyme and isocitrate dehydrogenase
30
Humans can only do double bonds up to which carbon?
Carbon 9
31
Further elongation of fatty acids occur in the
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
32
Steps in lipogenesis is repeated how many times?
7
33
Fatty acids storage form is called
Triacylglycerol
34
Where are triacylglycerols stored?
Liver and adipose
35
Sources of Glycerol 3 phosphate
DHAP from glycolysis
| Phosphorylation of free glycerol
36
Glycerol 3 phosphate from glycolysis can be found in which organ
Liver and muscle
37
Free glycerol can be found in what organ
Liver only
38
Mobilization of stored fats to release fatty acids is through what enzyme
Hormone sensitive lipase
39
Where does beta oxidation occur in the cell
Mitochondria
40
Fatty acid activation occurs in what part of the cell
Cytosol
41
What is the substrate for beta oxidation
Palmitate
42
What are the products of beta oxidation
8 acetyl CoA
7 NADH
7 FADH
43
What is the rate limiting step of beta oxidation
Translocation of fatty acyl CoA from cytosol to mitochondria through Carnitine-palmitoyl transferase
Carni-THIN
44
What enzyme attaches fatty acyl to carnitine in the outer mitochondrial membrane?
Carnitine acyltransferase 1
45
Degradation of fatty acids in beta oxidation steps
```
OHOT
Oxidation
Hydration
Oxidation
Thiolysis
```
46
Enzyme in fatty acyl CoA degradation is collectively called
Fatty acid oxidase
47
Which enzyme in fatty acid oxidase enzyme complex is chain length specific?
Fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase
48
ATP yiled of palmitate in beta oxidation
106 ATPs
8 acetyl CoA- 80
7 FADH (x1.5)- 10.5
7 NADH (x2.5)- 17.5
-2 ATPs from activation
49
Oxidation of fatty acids with odd number of carbon atoms will yield acetyl CoA and a molecule of ____
Propionyl CoA
50
Propionyl CoA is then converted to this substrate which can be used in Krebs
Succinyl CoA
51
Propionyl CoA carboxylase which is used to convert propionyl to methylmalonyl CoA uses which coenzyme?
Biotin
52
Methylmalonyl mutase requires what coenzyme to convert methylmalonyl to succinyl CoA?
Vitamin B12
53
Very long chain fatty acids are oxidized by?
Peroxisomes
54
Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids require what enzyme
3,2 enoyl-CoA isomerase
55
Malonyl CoA inhibits what pathway
Beta oxidation
56
Deficiency of this substance can be due to inadequate synthesis or renal loss and can lead to hypoglycemia and lipid accumulation with muscular weakness
Carnitine
57
This deficiency leads to reduced fatty acid oxidation that leads to severe hypoglycemia and coma
Affects the liver
Carnitine Palmitoyl transferase 1
58
Affects the liver and muscle, this deficiency can manifest with cardiomyopathy, muscle weakness with myoglobinemia after prolonged exercise
Carnitine Palmitoyl transferase 2
59
This enzyme deficiency leads to decreased oxidation of fatty acids with 6-10 carbons
Medium chain fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency
60
Most common inborn error of fatty acid oxidation
Autsomal recessive
MCAD deficiency
61
This disease is caused by eating the unripe fruit of an Akee tree
Hypoglycin inactivates short and medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase that inhibits beta oxidation
Jamaican Vomiting sickness
62
This disease is from deficient phytanoyl CoA hydroxylase that leads to accumulation of phytanic acid and manifest as peripheral neuropathy and ataxia, retinis pigmentosa
Refsum disease
63
Inherited absence of peroxisomes that leads to accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in liver and CNS
Zellweger disease
64
Adrenoleukodystrophy results from inability to transport VLCFA across the peroxisomal membrane and accumulation in which organs
Brain
Adrenals
Testis
65
Where does ketogenesis occur in the cell
Liver mitochondria
66
What is the substrate of ketogenesis
Acetyl CoA
67
What are the products of ketogenesis
Acetoacetate
Beta hydroxybutyrate
Acetone
68
What is the rate limiting step of ketogenesis?
Acetoacetyl CoA + Acetyl CoA to HMG COA through HMG COA synthase
KHetones
69
The liver is not able to use ketone bodies as fuel because it lacks what enzyme
Thiophorase
70
What product of ketogenesis is not detected in the Na nitroprusside reaction test?
B- hydroxybutyrate
71
Cholesterol in diet is stored in what form?
Cholesteryl esters
72
Double bond of cholesterol is found at
Carbon 5 and 6 of the B ring
73
Hydroxyl group of cholesterol is attached to what carbon
Carbon 3 of the A ring
74
How many carbons does cholesterol have?
27
75
Where does the hydrocarbon chain of cholesterol attach?
Carbon 17 of the D ring
76
Cholesterol are turned into bile acids through what enzyme
7a- hydroxylase
77
What are the primary bile acids
Cholic acid
| Chenodeoxycholic acid
78
Bile acids are conjugated with what substances to form bile salts?
Taurine
| Glyine
79
Cholesterol is turned to adrenal hormones through what enzyme
Desmolase
80
What is the substrate for cholesterol synthesis?
Acetyl CoA
81
Where does cholesterol synthesis occur in the cell
Cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum
82
What is the rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis
HMG COA to Mevalonate through HMG COA reductase that requires 2 NADPH
83
Presence of this factor inhibits cholesterol synthesis
Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) transcription factor
84
Cholesterol ring cannot be synthesized by humans so it is converted into bile salts which are excreted in feces or into bile where intestinal bacteria can convert it into _____ and _____
Coprostanol
| Cholestanol
85
Most common form of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia where glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are deficient
21 a-hydroxylase deficiency
86
CAH enzyme deficiency that results in decrease cortisol, aldosterone and corticosterone
11 b hydroxylase deficiency
87
Spherical macromolecular complexes of lipids and proteins are called
Apoproteins (apolipoproteins)
88
Lipoprotein that has the largest diameter, lowest density and highest TAG content
Chylomicron
89
Lipoprotein that has highest cholesterol content
LDL
90
Lipoprotein that has highest protein content
HDL
91
Apolipoprotein that is found mainly in HDL and is a cofactor of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase
Apo A1
92
Main apolipoprotein and mediates secretion of VLDL
Apo B100
93
Main apolipoprotein and mediates secretion of chylomicrons
Apo B48
94
Apolipoprotein that is a cofactor of lipoprotein lipase
Apo C2
95
Apolipoprotein that mediates uptake of chylomicron remnants and IDLs
Apo E
96
Chronic alcohol consumption leads to fatty liver due to increased NADH that leads to decreased
Beta oxidation
97
Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia that has no increased risk of coronary disease
Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency
98
Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia that has abnormal apo E
Hypercholesterolemia
Xanthoma
Atherosclerosis
Familial dysbetalipoprotenemia
99
Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia that has defective LDL receptor
High LDL and cholesterol
Atherosclerosis and coronary disease
Familial hypercholesterolemia
100
Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia that has deficient apo C2 or lipoprotein lipase
Low LDL, HDL
Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency
101
Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia that has overproduction of VLDL
High VLDL and cholesterol, subnormal LDL and HDL
Coronary disease, T2DM, obesity, alcoholism
Familial hypertriacylglycerolemia
102
Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia that has atherosclerosis and thrombosis due to inhibition of fibrinolysis
Familial lipoprotein A excess
103
Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia that has high HDL levels
Familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia
104
Familial hypolipoproteinemia that has a defect in loading of Apo B
Low TAG, accumulation of TAG in liver and intestines
Treatment: high dose water soluble vitamins particularly vitamin E
Familial Abetalipoproteinemia
105
Tangier disease
Fish eye disease
Low or near absence of HDL
High TAG, atherosclerosis in elderly
Familial alpha lipoprotein deficiency
