nucleic acids- lecture #5 (not the whole thing) Flashcards
1
Q
what does ATP stand for
A
adenosine tri-phosphate
2
Q
what is ATP considered to be?
A
the energy currency of the cell
3
Q
what is the organic molecule in ATP?
A
adenosine
4
Q
what is adenosine composed of?
A
adenine and ribose sugar
5
Q
what is adenosine attached to in order to create ATP?
A
3 phosphate groups via high energy covalent bonds
6
Q
in order to release energy what can be cleaved off the ATP?
A
inorganic phosphate
7
Q
what are the 4 main groups of organic molecules?
A
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
8
Q
what builds macromolecules?
A
monomers build polymers
polymers build macromolecules
9
Q
what do monomers consist of?
A
individual units of the molecules
(individual blocks of lego)
10
Q
what are polymers considered to be?
A
very diverse molecules
11
Q
what can polymers be made out of?
A
protein or DNA
12
Q
how do monomers build polymers to make macromolecules?
A
monomers bond with an identical and similar types of monomers, form a larger, macromolecule known as a polymer.
13
Q
are all polymers assembled the same way?
A
yes
14
Q
how is assembly and breakdown made possible of polymers?
A
through the use of enzymes
15
Q
what are enzymes?
A
protein polymers that increase the rate of reactions
16
Q
polymer synthesis and breakdown
A
all polymers are assembled the same way
polymers are broken down by adding water across a covalent bond
17
Q
what is the process of a dehydration reaction?
A
- removes a water molecule
- one molecule donates an H+
- one donates an OH-
- because they’re alone they hold hands and create their own molecule
18
Q
the process of dehydration of reaction builds what and produces what?
A
builds polymers and produces water
19
Q
what is a hydrolysis reaction?
A
chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecules by adding water molecule
20
Q
a hydrolysis reaction is catalyzed by what?
A
enzymes
how we digest food
21
Q
carbohydrates include ______ and _____ ________
A
sugars and sugar polymers
22
Q
what is a monosaccharide a type of?
A
monomer
23
Q
what is the most common monosaccharide?
A
glucose
24
Q
what do all sugars consist of?
A
a carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups
25
what is a carbonyl group and hydroxyl group chemical equation?
carbonyl: C=O
hydroxyl: -OH
26
how do you know if the sugar is ketose or aldose?
the location
*see brainscape folder*
27
what is an example of an aldose sugar?
glucose
28
what is an example of a ketose sugar?
fructose
29
sugar names generally end is what suffix?
'ose'
30
the size of the carbon skeleton may be used as a basis of classification, what is a 3 carbon framework for sugar called?
triose
31
what is a 4 carbon sugar called?
tetrose
32
what is a 5 carbon sugar called?
pentose
33
what is a 6 carbon sugar called?
hexose
34
glucose is often depicted as a linear molecule, in solution it is most commonly found in what structure?
cyclical structure (hexagon shape)
35
what are sugars used for? (2)
fuel source in the cell
to assemble other complex molecules
36
if sugar is not used in what reaction, the sugar will be stored as _________ or _____________
if sugar is not used in dehydration reactions, the sugar will be stored as disaccharides or polysaccharides
37
polysaccharides are macromolecules that consist of how many monomers?
100, 000 monomers covalently linked via glycosidic bonds
38
what are polysaccharides function? (2)
storage molecules that can be broken down when the cell needs energy
others form cell wall material
39
the cell wall that some polysaccharides create is exterior to what cells?
fungal and plant cells
40
what does bond position determine in polysaccharides?
architecture and polysaccharide function
41
what do plant and animal cells store for later use?
sugars
42
what does the plant store in form of glucose?
starch
43
where do plants store the granules in the plant cell?
inside of structures called plastids
44
when energy is needed what releases glucose from the starch?
hydrolysis
45
what do animal cells need to hydrolyze starch?
enzymes
46
what is an amylose?
unbranched starch
47
what is amylopectin?
branched starch (includes 1-6 linkages)
48
in animal cells what is the storage polymer for glucose?
glycogen
49
is glycogen more or less branched as amylopectin?
more branched
50
where is glycogen stored?
in human liver and muscle cells
51
when the cell needs energy what happens to hydrolysis of glycogen?
hydrolyzed at an increased rate
52
structural carbohydrates include cellulose which is a major component of what?
plant cell wall
53
glucose exists in what two ring structures?
alpha and beta
54
in starch, are glucose monomers alpha or beta?
alpha
55
in cellulose, are glucose monomers alpha or beta?
beta
56
what is the difference between alpha and beta?
alpha hydroxyl group points down
beta hydroxyl group points up
57
why do only plants have cellulose?
because cellulose contains beta, beta needs different enzymes to hydrolyze beta linkages and animals do not have the enzyme to cut beta linkages
58
what is used as a polysaccharide component of fungal cell walls?
chitin
59
what are lipids not formed by?
repeating monomers
60
what diverse group do lipids include? (3)
fats, phospholipids and steroids
61
are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
62
what are examples of lipids?
fats, oil (triglycerides)
63
in what form do we store extra energy?
fats
64
how are fat molecules assembled?
via dehydration reactions
65
what forms the neck of the structure in fats?
glycerol sugar
66
how are fatty acid tails attached to glycerol?
ester linkages (can be 1, 2, or 3) fatty acids attached
67
68
what are fatty acids composed of?
Carboxylic acid and a non-polar tail
69
how is triacylglycerol (triglyceride) formed?
when 3 fatty acids are attached to the glycerol neck
70
what do triglycerides do?
store energy, insulate us and protect our vital organs
71
what are saturated fats? what are their properties? (3)
don't have any double bonds
allows for tight packing (doesn't have kink in tail)
but solid fats at room temperature
72
what are unsaturated fats? (3)
contain one or more double bonds
liquid at room temperature
creates a kink in the chain
73
are fats saturated or unsaturated?
they can be saturated or unsaturated
74
how do we get our omega-3 fatty acids?
through consumption/ diet
the body cannot synthesize omega- 3 fatty acids in the body
75
what is used in the body for energy storage?
fats
76
One gram of fat stores ____ as much energy as ___ gram of sugar
twice as much energy as one gram of sugar
77
what do fats protect against?
organs and provides insulation
78
where are phospholipids a major component?
cell membrane
79
what is a phospholipid made of?
2 fatty acids are attached to a glycerol molecule which is attached to a phosphate
80
are phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic tails (non-polar)
hydrophilic head (polar)
81
what does amphipathic mean?
polar and non-polar at the same time
82
what is steroids carbon skeleton structure?
4 fused rings
83
what does a steroid include?
include vertebrate sex hormones and cholesterol
84
what is the workhorse of the cell?
proteins
85
what do proteins function as? (7) TESS CcDmM
transport
enzymes
storage
structure
cell communication
defense molecules
movement
86
how many proteins are there?
thousands
87
what are proteins made of?
one or more polypeptides associated with one another
88
how are polypeptides constructed?
from a unique combination of amino acids
89
how many different amino acids are there?
20
90
what dictates the amino acid sequence of the protein?
DNA sequence
91
how are amino acids attached to one another?
dehydration reaction forming a covalent bond (peptide bond)
92
amino acids are the monomers of polypeptide structures, what do they consist of? (3)
Consist of a centrally located carbon atom: the alpha carbon
Consist of a carboxylic acid terminus (COO-)
Consist of an amino terminus (NH3+)
93
what are the 4 different groups of amino acids based on?
the type of R group present
94
what are the 4 different groups of amino acids?
Non-polar, hydrophobic
Polar, hydrophilic
Acidic, hydrophilic
Basic, hydrophilic
95
what do acidic amino acids do?
donate protons in solution becoming anionic (-)
96
what do basic amino acids do?
accept protons in solution becoming cationic (+)
97
what terminus do all polypeptides consist of?
amino terminus and a carboxyl terminus
98
what out numbers the two termini (amino and carboxyl)?
the number of side chains (R groups)
99
what is an R group?
side chain (normally attached to alpha carbon)
can be many different forms (polar, non-polar, aeronamic...)
100
what is an alpha carbon?
carbon in the middle attached to the R group
101
what determines the 'personality' of the protein?
chemical nature of the R group
102
what are the 4 different levels of structure of a protein?
primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure
103
what is the primary structure?
amino acid sequence of the protein
104
how is the secondary structure made?
hydrogen bonds twist the polypeptide into a coil (alpha helices) or sheet (beta-pleated sheet)
105
how is tertiary structure formed?
formed due to the chemical interactions between R groups in the secondary structure and individual proteins
when the hydrogen twists, all the R groups are exposed, causing them to attract or repel each other
106
what bonds form in the tertiary structure?
disulfide bonds form between S of cysteine amino acids in the polypeptide chain
107
how is the quaternary structure formed?
two or more polypeptides come together to form a functional molecule
108
why might protein structure be affected?
by salt concentration
temperature
pH
109
what is the protein structure being affected referred to as?
denaturation
leads to a loss of protein function
110
*****what encodes the primary amino acid sequence of a protein?
genes
111
what are genes made of?
DNA
112
what does DNA do and what needs to happen to DNA for a protein to be assembled?
DNA carries information needed to make proteins but it needs to be converted into RNA before a protein can be assembled
113
what is the length of nucleic acids?
the length ranges from long to very long in length, this makes nucleotide combinations infinate
114
what does each nucleotide consist of?
a five carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine)
115
what is a purine and a pyrimidine and what is the difference?
purine: adenine and guanine (double ringed structure)
pyrimidine: cytosine and thymine (DNA)
cytosine and uracil (RNA)
(pyrimidine is single ringed structure)
116
how are nucleic acid polymers joined to one another?
they're joined to one another by covalent bonds via dehydration reactions
117
what is the structure of nucleic acids?
nucleic acids are formed using a phosphate sugar backbone. each phosphate is connected to a sugar and a nucleotide monomer
RNA only consists of this strand (single stranded) it makes it less stable
118
what is the structure of DNA?
DNA is always double stranded (found as a double helix) 2 nucleotides wrapped
stores information during protein synthesis
nitrogenous bases on one strand always pair with nitrogenous bases on the other strand by connecting A=T and C=G through hydrogen bonds anti parallel
cytosine and guanine are harder to break apart because they have 3 hydrogen bonds connecting them
119
what is found in equal quantities in molecule of DNA?
adenine and thymine
