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BIOL 1020 > nucleic acids- lecture #5 (not the whole thing) > Flashcards

nucleic acids- lecture #5 (not the whole thing) Flashcards

1
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine tri-phosphate

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2
Q

what is ATP considered to be?

A

the energy currency of the cell

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3
Q

what is the organic molecule in ATP?

A

adenosine

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4
Q

what is adenosine composed of?

A

adenine and ribose sugar

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5
Q

what is adenosine attached to in order to create ATP?

A

3 phosphate groups via high energy covalent bonds

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6
Q

in order to release energy what can be cleaved off the ATP?

A

inorganic phosphate

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7
Q

what are the 4 main groups of organic molecules?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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8
Q

what builds macromolecules?

A

monomers build polymers
polymers build macromolecules

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9
Q

what do monomers consist of?

A

individual units of the molecules
(individual blocks of lego)

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10
Q

what are polymers considered to be?

A

very diverse molecules

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11
Q

what can polymers be made out of?

A

protein or DNA

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12
Q

how do monomers build polymers to make macromolecules?

A

monomers bond with an identical and similar types of monomers, form a larger, macromolecule known as a polymer.

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13
Q

are all polymers assembled the same way?

A

yes

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14
Q

how is assembly and breakdown made possible of polymers?

A

through the use of enzymes

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15
Q

what are enzymes?

A

protein polymers that increase the rate of reactions

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16
Q

polymer synthesis and breakdown

A

all polymers are assembled the same way
polymers are broken down by adding water across a covalent bond

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17
Q

what is the process of a dehydration reaction?

A
  1. removes a water molecule
  2. one molecule donates an H+
  3. one donates an OH-
  4. because they’re alone they hold hands and create their own molecule
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18
Q

the process of dehydration of reaction builds what and produces what?

A

builds polymers and produces water

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19
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecules by adding water molecule

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20
Q

a hydrolysis reaction is catalyzed by what?

A

enzymes
how we digest food

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21
Q

carbohydrates include ______ and _____ ________

A

sugars and sugar polymers

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22
Q

what is a monosaccharide a type of?

A

monomer

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23
Q

what is the most common monosaccharide?

A

glucose

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24
Q

what do all sugars consist of?

A

a carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups

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25
Q

what is a carbonyl group and hydroxyl group chemical equation?

A

carbonyl: C=O
hydroxyl: -OH

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26
Q

how do you know if the sugar is ketose or aldose?

A

the location
see brainscape folder

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27
Q

what is an example of an aldose sugar?

A

glucose

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28
Q

what is an example of a ketose sugar?

A

fructose

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29
Q

sugar names generally end is what suffix?

A

‘ose’

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30
Q

the size of the carbon skeleton may be used as a basis of classification, what is a 3 carbon framework for sugar called?

A

triose

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31
Q

what is a 4 carbon sugar called?

A

tetrose

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32
Q

what is a 5 carbon sugar called?

A

pentose

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33
Q

what is a 6 carbon sugar called?

A

hexose

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34
Q

glucose is often depicted as a linear molecule, in solution it is most commonly found in what structure?

A

cyclical structure (hexagon shape)

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35
Q

what are sugars used for? (2)

A

fuel source in the cell
to assemble other complex molecules

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36
Q

if sugar is not used in what reaction, the sugar will be stored as _________ or _____________

A

if sugar is not used in dehydration reactions, the sugar will be stored as disaccharides or polysaccharides

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37
Q

polysaccharides are macromolecules that consist of how many monomers?

A

100, 000 monomers covalently linked via glycosidic bonds

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38
Q

what are polysaccharides function? (2)

A

storage molecules that can be broken down when the cell needs energy
others form cell wall material

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39
Q

the cell wall that some polysaccharides create is exterior to what cells?

A

fungal and plant cells

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40
Q

what does bond position determine in polysaccharides?

A

architecture and polysaccharide function

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41
Q

what do plant and animal cells store for later use?

A

sugars

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42
Q

what does the plant store in form of glucose?

A

starch

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43
Q

where do plants store the granules in the plant cell?

A

inside of structures called plastids

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44
Q

when energy is needed what releases glucose from the starch?

A

hydrolysis

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45
Q

what do animal cells need to hydrolyze starch?

A

enzymes

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46
Q

what is an amylose?

A

unbranched starch

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47
Q

what is amylopectin?

A

branched starch (includes 1-6 linkages)

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48
Q

in animal cells what is the storage polymer for glucose?

A

glycogen

49
Q

is glycogen more or less branched as amylopectin?

A

more branched

50
Q

where is glycogen stored?

A

in human liver and muscle cells

51
Q

when the cell needs energy what happens to hydrolysis of glycogen?

A

hydrolyzed at an increased rate

52
Q

structural carbohydrates include cellulose which is a major component of what?

A

plant cell wall

53
Q

glucose exists in what two ring structures?

A

alpha and beta

54
Q

in starch, are glucose monomers alpha or beta?

A

alpha

55
Q

in cellulose, are glucose monomers alpha or beta?

A

beta

56
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta?

A

alpha hydroxyl group points down
beta hydroxyl group points up

57
Q

why do only plants have cellulose?

A

because cellulose contains beta, beta needs different enzymes to hydrolyze beta linkages and animals do not have the enzyme to cut beta linkages

58
Q

what is used as a polysaccharide component of fungal cell walls?

A

chitin

59
Q

what are lipids not formed by?

A

repeating monomers

60
Q

what diverse group do lipids include? (3)

A

fats, phospholipids and steroids

61
Q

are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic

62
Q

what are examples of lipids?

A

fats, oil (triglycerides)

63
Q

in what form do we store extra energy?

A

fats

64
Q

how are fat molecules assembled?

A

via dehydration reactions

65
Q

what forms the neck of the structure in fats?

A

glycerol sugar

66
Q

how are fatty acid tails attached to glycerol?

A

ester linkages (can be 1, 2, or 3) fatty acids attached

67
Q
A
68
Q

what are fatty acids composed of?

A

Carboxylic acid and a non-polar tail

69
Q

how is triacylglycerol (triglyceride) formed?

A

when 3 fatty acids are attached to the glycerol neck

70
Q

what do triglycerides do?

A

store energy, insulate us and protect our vital organs

71
Q

what are saturated fats? what are their properties? (3)

A

don’t have any double bonds
allows for tight packing (doesn’t have kink in tail)
but solid fats at room temperature

72
Q

what are unsaturated fats? (3)

A

contain one or more double bonds
liquid at room temperature
creates a kink in the chain

73
Q

are fats saturated or unsaturated?

A

they can be saturated or unsaturated

74
Q

how do we get our omega-3 fatty acids?

A

through consumption/ diet
the body cannot synthesize omega- 3 fatty acids in the body

75
Q

what is used in the body for energy storage?

A

fats

76
Q

One gram of fat stores ____ as much energy as ___ gram of sugar

A

twice as much energy as one gram of sugar

77
Q

what do fats protect against?

A

organs and provides insulation

78
Q

where are phospholipids a major component?

A

cell membrane

79
Q

what is a phospholipid made of?

A

2 fatty acids are attached to a glycerol molecule which is attached to a phosphate

80
Q

are phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic tails (non-polar)
hydrophilic head (polar)

81
Q

what does amphipathic mean?

A

polar and non-polar at the same time

82
Q

what is steroids carbon skeleton structure?

A

4 fused rings

83
Q

what does a steroid include?

A

include vertebrate sex hormones and cholesterol

84
Q

what is the workhorse of the cell?

A

proteins

85
Q

what do proteins function as? (7) TESS CcDmM

A

transport
enzymes
storage
structure
cell communication
defense molecules
movement

86
Q

how many proteins are there?

A

thousands

87
Q

what are proteins made of?

A

one or more polypeptides associated with one another

88
Q

how are polypeptides constructed?

A

from a unique combination of amino acids

89
Q

how many different amino acids are there?

A

20

90
Q

what dictates the amino acid sequence of the protein?

A

DNA sequence

91
Q

how are amino acids attached to one another?

A

dehydration reaction forming a covalent bond (peptide bond)

92
Q

amino acids are the monomers of polypeptide structures, what do they consist of? (3)

A

Consist of a centrally located carbon atom: the alpha carbon
Consist of a carboxylic acid terminus (COO-)
Consist of an amino terminus (NH3+)

93
Q

what are the 4 different groups of amino acids based on?

A

the type of R group present

94
Q

what are the 4 different groups of amino acids?

A

Non-polar, hydrophobic
Polar, hydrophilic
Acidic, hydrophilic
Basic, hydrophilic

95
Q

what do acidic amino acids do?

A

donate protons in solution becoming anionic (-)

96
Q

what do basic amino acids do?

A

accept protons in solution becoming cationic (+)

97
Q

what terminus do all polypeptides consist of?

A

amino terminus and a carboxyl terminus

98
Q

what out numbers the two termini (amino and carboxyl)?

A

the number of side chains (R groups)

99
Q

what is an R group?

A

side chain (normally attached to alpha carbon)
can be many different forms (polar, non-polar, aeronamic…)

100
Q

what is an alpha carbon?

A

carbon in the middle attached to the R group

101
Q

what determines the ‘personality’ of the protein?

A

chemical nature of the R group

102
Q

what are the 4 different levels of structure of a protein?

A

primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure

103
Q

what is the primary structure?

A

amino acid sequence of the protein

104
Q

how is the secondary structure made?

A

hydrogen bonds twist the polypeptide into a coil (alpha helices) or sheet (beta-pleated sheet)

105
Q

how is tertiary structure formed?

A

formed due to the chemical interactions between R groups in the secondary structure and individual proteins
when the hydrogen twists, all the R groups are exposed, causing them to attract or repel each other

106
Q

what bonds form in the tertiary structure?

A

disulfide bonds form between S of cysteine amino acids in the polypeptide chain

107
Q

how is the quaternary structure formed?

A

two or more polypeptides come together to form a functional molecule

108
Q

why might protein structure be affected?

A

by salt concentration
temperature
pH

109
Q

what is the protein structure being affected referred to as?

A

denaturation
leads to a loss of protein function

110
Q

*****what encodes the primary amino acid sequence of a protein?

A

genes

111
Q

what are genes made of?

A

DNA

112
Q

what does DNA do and what needs to happen to DNA for a protein to be assembled?

A

DNA carries information needed to make proteins but it needs to be converted into RNA before a protein can be assembled

113
Q

what is the length of nucleic acids?

A

the length ranges from long to very long in length, this makes nucleotide combinations infinate

114
Q

what does each nucleotide consist of?

A

a five carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine)

115
Q

what is a purine and a pyrimidine and what is the difference?

A

purine: adenine and guanine (double ringed structure)
pyrimidine: cytosine and thymine (DNA)
cytosine and uracil (RNA)
(pyrimidine is single ringed structure)

116
Q

how are nucleic acid polymers joined to one another?

A

they’re joined to one another by covalent bonds via dehydration reactions

117
Q

what is the structure of nucleic acids?

A

nucleic acids are formed using a phosphate sugar backbone. each phosphate is connected to a sugar and a nucleotide monomer
RNA only consists of this strand (single stranded) it makes it less stable

118
Q

what is the structure of DNA?

A

DNA is always double stranded (found as a double helix) 2 nucleotides wrapped
stores information during protein synthesis
nitrogenous bases on one strand always pair with nitrogenous bases on the other strand by connecting A=T and C=G through hydrogen bonds anti parallel
cytosine and guanine are harder to break apart because they have 3 hydrogen bonds connecting them

119
Q

what is found in equal quantities in molecule of DNA?

A

adenine and thymine

BIOL 1020 (16 decks)

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