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BIOL 1020 > Introduction to Biology- lecture #1 & #2 > Flashcards

Introduction to Biology- lecture #1 & #2 Flashcards

1
Q

how is biology defined?

A

as the scientific study of life

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2
Q

what is zoology?

A

study of animals

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3
Q

what is microbiology?

A

study of bacteria and viruses

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4
Q

what is botany?

A

study of plants

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5
Q

what is mycology?

A

the study of fungi

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6
Q

what is ecology?

A

the study of how different organisms interact with their environments

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7
Q

what is evolution the process of?

A

process of change that has allowed organisms to adapt to their environment

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8
Q

what are the 6 common features among all life forms? GIeOERR

A

ability to grow and develop
a highly regulated internal environment
complex Organization
ability to take in and utilize energy
ability to respond to environmental changes and stimuli
ability to reproduce one’s own kind

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9
Q

what does the ability to take in and utilize energy entail? what is energy used for?

A

energy is used to perform all of the necessary life functions

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10
Q

how does the evolution of adaptations work?

A

occurs over many generations
individuals with traits best suited to their environment will pass them on to their offspring

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11
Q

what does the hierarchy of organization consist of? in order from biggest to smallest

A

biosphere
ecosystem
community
population
organism
organs & organ systems
tissues
cells
organelles
molecules

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12
Q

what is reductionism?

A

the reduction of complex systems to simpler more manageable components

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13
Q

what is the biosphere?

A

all living things on earth
consists of all environments on earth that support life
incudes most areas of land, water bodies and the lower atmosphere (areas that are living)

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14
Q

within the bisphere the individual environments can be further broken down into what?

A

ecosystems

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15
Q

what do ecosystems encompass?

A

all living organisms and non-living matter

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16
Q

ecosystems include all components of the environment with which the living organisms interact, what are these components? (4)

A

air, soil, sunlight and water

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17
Q

what do communities consist of?

A

all of the different organisms that are living in a particular ecosystem

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18
Q

what is an example of a community?

A

university campus

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19
Q

what are populations?

A

all of the individuals of a particular species living within a particular area

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20
Q

what is an example of a population?

A

all the people on campus

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21
Q

what is an organism?

A

the individual unit of the population

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22
Q

what is an example of an organism?

A

one student on campus

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23
Q

what is an organ system?

A

groups of several organs which work together to perform specific functions (what makes up the individual)

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24
Q

what is an example of an organ system?

A

the nervous system, digestive system…

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25
Q

what are organs?

A

structures comprised of different tissues

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26
Q

what does an organ consist of?

A

2 or more tissue parts

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27
Q

what is an example of an organ?

A

the heart (its comprised of muscle tissue, connective tissue etc.)

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28
Q

what are tissues made of?

A

similar cell types and each tissue has a specific function
ex. human skin tissue

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29
Q

what are cells?

A

membrane bound structures that form the individual units of living matter
ex. human blood cells

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30
Q

what are organelles?

A

the various functional components present on the inside of the cell

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31
Q

what is an example of an organelle?

A

nucleus

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32
Q

what are molecules made up of?

A

a cluster of atoms

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33
Q

what is an example of molecules?

A

DNA, protein, sugar molecules, lipid…

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34
Q

can the hierarchy be flipped upside down?

A

yes, it can go in the opposite direction

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35
Q

organisms within an ecosystem interact with what?

A

both living and the non-living components of their environment

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36
Q

what do producers do?

A

provide food for the other organisms

37
Q

what are examples of producers?

A

plants and other photosynthetic organisms

38
Q

what do consumers do?

A

eat plants and other animals

39
Q

what is an example of a consumer?

A

humans

40
Q

what do decomposers do?

A

breakdown wastes and dead organisms recycling nutrients so that they can be used for biosynthesis

41
Q

what is an example of decomposers?

A

fungi, bacteria, small animals present in the soil

42
Q

how does energy enter the ecosystem?

A

as light

43
Q

why is energy transformation from one form into another not efficient?

A

energy is lost as heat

44
Q

what is an example of energy being lost as heat?

A

muscle contraction
when you workout, heat gets produced and lost in the form of sweat

45
Q

what are the two ways in which ecosystems can be characterized?

A

recycling of chemical nutrients
energy flow

46
Q

what does the recycling of chemical nutrients mean?

A

basic chemicals needed for life (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen..) flow from air and soil to plants animals and decomposers and then back to the air and soil

47
Q

what happens to energy in an ecosystem?

A

energy is constantly gained and lost from an ecosystem

48
Q

how does energy enter an ecosystem?

A

light from the sun is absorbed by. plants

49
Q

in what form does energy exit an ecosystem?

A

as heat

50
Q

structure and function are closely related, what is an example of this?

A

the structure of a leaf is important to its ability to photosynthesize

51
Q

why is the leafs structure important for its ability to photosynthesize?

A

thin to permit the easy diffusion of CO2 to the appropriate tissues

52
Q

what is the cell?

A

the basic unit of life
(the lowest structural level capable of performing all activities necessary for life)

53
Q

what is an emergent property?

A

the structure and function of a cell are well correlated to one another

54
Q

all living things are composed of what types of cells? (2)

A

prokaryotic cells
(bacteria and archaea)
eukaryotic cells
(protists, fungi, plants and animals)

55
Q

what is the genome?

A

the entire DNA content of the organism

56
Q

what are genes?

A

DNA arranged as chromosomes is organized into functional units called genes

57
Q

how many species are known and named?

A

1.8 million

58
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups based on similarity

59
Q

what is used to group different species?

A

DNA

60
Q

what used to be used to group different species?

A

structural and functional characteristics

61
Q

all life can be organized into three domains, what are these domains?

A

domain bacteria (prokaryotes)
domain archaea (prokaryotes
domain eukarya

62
Q

what does LUCA stand for?

A

lowest universal common ancestor (small blue point)

63
Q

what are the three kingdoms within the domain eukarya?

A

kingdom plantae
kingdom fungi
kingdom animalia

64
Q

what does kingdom fungi consist of?

A

molds, yeasts and mushrooms

65
Q

how are the kingdoms within the domain of eukarya grouped?

A

according to nutritional diversity

66
Q

what are protists?

A

single celled protozoans and algae
(formerly a fourth kingdom of eukarya, but don’t exist anymore)

67
Q

what were the two main points noted by Charles Darwin?

A

present day species arose from ancestors
the mechanism that produces new species is natural selection

68
Q

what is natural selection?

A

bird eats white bugs, the bugs evolve to become darker so that they don’t get eaten, they adapt and change in order to survive

69
Q

what is the definition of science?

A

defined as knowledge that is obtained through study

70
Q

what is science dependent on?

A

direct observation (whether that be accidental observation or as a result of experimentation)

71
Q

biology makes use of two primary scientific approaches, what are these approaches?

A

discovery science
hypothesis-based science

72
Q

what is discovery science?

A

the result of verifiable observations and measurements

73
Q

conclusions made from discovery science result in what type of reasoning?

A

inductive reasoning

74
Q

what does inductive reasoning refer to?

A

conclusions which are drawn because of a large number of observations

75
Q

what is an example of inductive reasoning?

A

A conclusion that all living things are made of cells was drawn because observation of all biological specimens over thousands of years all contained cells

76
Q

what is hypothesis based science?

A

observations from discovery science cause us to ask questions about causes and explanations leading to the development of a hypothesis

77
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

a suggested explanation for a given set of observations
(hypothesis are then tested by further observations and by specially designed experiments)

78
Q

what type of reasoning does hypothesis- based science make use of?

A

deductive reasoning

79
Q

what is deductive reasoning?

A

moves from a general statement down to a specific conclusion

80
Q

what is an example of deductive reasoning?

A

Premise #1: all living things are composed of cells
Premise #2: human beings are living
Deductive reasoning leads to the conclusion human beings must then be composed of cells

81
Q

what is a theory?

A

very broad and explains many different observations

82
Q

what are theories supported by?

A

large and growing body of evidence

83
Q

what is more specific, theories or hypotheses?

A

hypothesis

84
Q

theories give way to new ______

A

hypothesis

85
Q

You observe that your flashlight is
not working. You then ask yourself why the flashlight is not working and come up with two explanations or hypotheses

A

Hypothesis #1: the batteries may be dead
Hypothesis #2: the bulb may be burnt out

86
Q

after making the two hypothesis what is then used?

A

deductive reasoning to come up with predictions based on previous observations (if- then logic)

87
Q

what is a prediction to make about hypothesis 1 (dead batteries)?

A

if you replace the batteries, then the flashlight will work

88
Q

what is a prediction to make about hypothesis 2 (burnt out bulb)?

A

replacing the bulb will allow the flashlight to work

89
Q

to be a true hypothesis, the hypothesis must be what? (2)

A

testable
falsifiable

BIOL 1020 (16 decks)

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