Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 1020 > cell biology- lecture #7 > Flashcards

cell biology- lecture #7 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 major types of cells

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does a prokaryotic cell consist of?

A

no nucleus
basically no compartments
no membrane bound organelles
ribosomes are scattered throughout its cytoplasm
cell is either archaea or bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where is the prokaryotic cells DNA located?

A

in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid region (region is not enclosed by a membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does a eukaryotic cell consist of?

A

has a nucleus
DNA is located inside the nucleus (bound by a double membrane)
have membrane bound organelles
multiple linear chromosomes
includes protists, fungi, plants and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are common features in all cells

A

plasma membrane
chromosomes
cytoplasm
ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?

A

internal components are suspended within the fluid
together cytosol and suspended components are the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is an excellent target for antibiotics?

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why do antibiotics target ribosomes?

A

selective toxicity
the drug can inhibit ribosome function without damaging the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is bigger, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes are larger then prokaryotes (10x bigger)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages to being small?

A

advantage: can reproduce fast, less likely to be seen and killed)
disadvantage: cells can only be so small before they lose ability to form key tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are 2 important cell features?

A

plasma membrane forms the boundary of every cell
SA to volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what would happen if there was no plasma membrane?

A

there would be no cell because all the contents of the cell would spill out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the plasma allow to pass through from high to low concentration through passive diffusion?

A

vital nutrients, O2 and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what would an increase in cell size mean for SA to volume ratio?

A

SA to volume ratio would decrease as the cell gets bigger
the smaller the cell the greater the SA to volume ratio
-high SA to volume ratio is ideal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where is DNA mainly found?

A

bulk of all DNA is in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the nucleus enclosed by

A

nuclear envelope
(double membrane consisting of outer membrane, perinuclear space, inner membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do the pores do on the nuclear envelope?

A

regulate entry and exit of protein and mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how is the shape of the nucleus supported?

A

lamina (microfilaments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are chromosomes? what is chromatin?

A

long segments of DNA complexed together with protein
DNA and proteins together is chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do the proteins do on the chromosomes?

A

organizes DNA creating a more compact structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the number of chromosomes dependent on? how many do we have in comparison to dogs?

A

dependent on species and class of the cell
humans have 46 chromosomes (diploid cells)
humans have 23 chromosomes (haploid cells)
dogs have 78 chromosomes (somatic cells)
dogs have 39 chromosomes (sex cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when a cell isn’t dividing what are chromosomes doing? when a cell is dividing what are chromosomes doing?

A

uncoiled and active when a cell isn’t dividing
condensed and easily visible during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

when is the nucleolus prominent?

A

when the cell isn’t dividing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens to the nucleolus when the cell is dividing?

A

the nucleolus disappears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the nucleolus made up of? what kind of membrane does it have?
made of proteins and RNA does not have a membrane
26
how much of the nucleus is the nucleolus?
about 25% but there can be more then one nucleolus
27
process of RNA to protein synthesis
RNA is made in the nucleus (from DNA) exported through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm in the cytoplasm it will be used by the ribosome to synthesize protein
28
what is the nucleolus main function?
to reassemble RNA and combine it with proteins, results in an incomplete ribosome
29
what is the ribosome made up of?
rRNA and protein
30
what are ribosomes always responsible for?
protein synthesis
31
if a cell synthesizes large quantities of protein what will it contain? and what will also be more important?
more bound ribosomes (many ribosomes) nucleolus will also be more important
32
where are the 2 locations ribosomes exist?
free in the cytoplasm attached to the rough ER
33
what do ribosomes create when they're free in the cytoplasm?
create proteins to be used within the cell
34
ribosomes attached to the ER also make proteins but where are these proteins destined to go? ___,___,___
inserted into membranes packaged into organelles secreted from the cell (exocytosis)
35
what has larger ribosomes, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
eukaryotic cells (80s ribosome) prokaryotic cells have smaller 70s ribosomes
36
what is needed for ribosome synthesis?
RNA
37
what does the endomembrane system consist of? (6)
nuclear membrane (envelope) lysosomes vacuoles endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus plasma membrane
38
what is the endoplasmic reticulum connected to?
nuclear membrane
39
what does the smooth ER do? ___,___,___
makes lipids detoxifies drugs stores calcium ions
40
how does the smooth ER increase drug tolerance?
the more drugs that are consumed the more ER will be produced, increasing tolerance to ALL drugs (not specific)
41
why is it called the rough ER?
"rough" because ribosomes are on the surface giving it a rough appearance
42
what is the rough ER responsible for?
Produce more membrane phospholipids which are then inserted into the membrane
43
what is the process of packaging a secretory protein from the rough ER (6 steps)
polypeptide is synthesized by a bound ribosome then inserted into the rough ER via a protein pore polypeptide folds into its final shape sugar chain is added creating a glycoprotein packaged into transport vesicle, transport vesicle buds off travels to golgi apparatus
44
when the transport protein gets to the golgi apparatus, what happens?
enters through the cis face as it travels through the golgi it gets modified
45
what would be some destinations of this transport protein?
exocytosis (leave through plasma membrane) lysosomes (endocytosis) cytoplasm (endocytosis)
46
what kind of modifications happen to the transport protein?
adds phosphate, sulfate, carbohydrates
47
what happens when phosphate is added to the protein?
phosphate has a (-) charge it serves as an identification tag and can change the behavior
48
what is the main function of the golgi apparatus?
sorts and modifies proteins that have arrived from the rough ER
49
what are the lysosomes known as?
garbage collector
50
what do lysosomes contain?
digestive enzymes
51
what do digestive enzymes break down? what can they do after being broken down?
lipids, carbohydrates and proteins can be used by the rest of the cell
52
what makes lysosomal enzymes?
made by the rough ER then modified by the golgi apparatus
53
what is tae-sachs disease?
no lipid digesting enzyme, therefore, can't breakdown fat fat accumulates in the brain and causes impaired function
54
what kind of impaired function can tae-sachs lead to?
decreased destruction of bacterial cells
55
what can lysosomes fuse with?
vacuoles containing food vacuoles containing bacteria damaged organelles
56
what are vacuoles?
membrane bound sacs acquired from the ER and golgi apparatus
57
what are the 3 main function of vacuoles?
store food, transport solutes and remove excess water from the cell
58
what is a central vacuole and what cell are they located in?
central vacuole is like a pantry to store anything (sap, necessary nutrients, waste products, excess ions...) found in plant cells
59
what is the mitochondria dependent on?
the quantity of metabolism occuring
60
what is mitochondrias function?
cellular respiration in all eukaryotic cells
61
cells that need more energy will have more what?
mitochondria because the mitochondria produces energy
62
what is some thing that is unique to the mitochondria?
has 2 membranes in order to keep organized this creates a outer membrane, intermembrane space and inner membrane
63
why are mitochondria able to synthesize more energy (ATP)?
cristae has many folds which increases SA this allows for a greater ability to synthesize energy
64
what is mitochondrias temperature and why?
around 50 degrees (10 degrees more then our body temp) this is because metabolism produces heat
65
between the mitochondria and chloroplasts, which one consumes oxygen and which releases oxygen? which one stores energy and which releases energy?
mitochondria consumes oxygen and releases energy chloroplasts release oxygen and store energy
66
what is chloroplasts main function?
photosynthesis in eukaryotes
67
what kind of membrane do chloroplasts have?
double membrane
68
what is the stroma? what does it contain?
fluid in the chloroplast contains enzymes, DNA and ribosomes
69
what are stacked inside the chloroplast interior?
thylakoids are stacked sacks these stacks are called granum
70
what do chloroplasts do in high light conditions?
they move to the outskirts of the cell to not receive too much light
71
where are pigments found in chloroplasts?
thylakoid membranes
72
where are chloroplasts concentrated in green plants?
in the leaves and accumulate in the mesophyll (middle tissue of the leaf)
73
how does CO2 enter and O2 exit the chloroplast?
through the pores called the stomata
74
what does endosymbiont mean? what were endosymbiont?
small cell living within a larger cell mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally prokaryotes that began living inside of larger cells according the the endosymbiont theory
75
mitochondria share many structures with what?
bacteria
76
what do enzymes inside peroxisomes do?
form hydrogen peroxide another enzyme inside converts H2O2 into water and oxygen
77
where are peroxisomes found?
cytoplasm of animal and plant cells
78
what kind of membrane do peroxisomes have?
single membrane
79
what happens if peroxisome packets let loose?
the toxic insides will cause damage to other parts of the cell
80
when are peroxisomes used?
fatty acid breakdown and detoxification
81
what are the 2 main function of the cytoskeleton?
provides structural support and assist movement of organelles
82
what are the 3 proteins the cytoskeleton consists of?
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
83
what is the structure of microfilaments?
2 intertwined strands of actin, made to withstand force
84
where are microfilaments located and what is their main function?
located right beneath the plasma membrane provides support of the cell shape
85
what is the structure of the intermediate filaments?
fibrous proteins coiled into cables
86
what is the function of intermediate filaments?
anchor organelles in place
87
what is the structure of microtubules?
hollow tubes consisting of tubulin
88
what are the main functions of microtubules?
shape and support the cell moves organelles
89
what does the plant cell wall protect agaisnt?
osmotic rupture
90
what is thicker, plasma membrane or the plant cell wall?
plant cell wall
91
how are adjacent cells connected to one another?
plasmodesmata (membrane bound channels filled with cytoplasm)
92
what is the middle lamella?
thin sticky layer that glues adjacent cells together (where the intersection of the plant cells are)
93
some plant cells have a secondary cell wall, why?
for protection and support
94
what is the extracellular matrix mainly composed of?
glycoproteins mainly collagen in animals
95
what is the extracellular matrix?
the part outside the cell, blood for example
96
what is the extracellular matrix composed of?
glycoprotein elastin fibres proteoglycan interstitial fluid collagen fibres
97
do we want gaps between cells? why or why not?
don't want gaps -an element of control
98
how are plant cells connected to one another? how are animal cells connected to one another?
plant cells: plasmodesmata and middle lamella animal cells: desosomes
99
how much of your body is collagen?
1/3 of your body is collagen

BIOL 1020 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions