Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 1020 > metabolism- lecture #10 & #11 > Flashcards

metabolism- lecture #10 & #11 Flashcards

1
Q

what is ATP to the cell?

A

currency $$$

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what 3 types of cellular work does ATP perform?

A

chemical work (endergonic/anabolic reactions)
transport work (movement of materials against the concentration gradient)
mechanical work (muscle contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is rigor mortis and how does it happen?

A

Rigor mortis is the stiffening of the muscles, this happens because theres no ATP flow in a dead body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does energy coupling pair together?

A

energy coupling pairs endergonic reactions ( non-spontaneous) with exergonic reactions (spontaneous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is energy coupling?

A

energy generated from one reaction is used to drive a second reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is ATP hydrolysis? what happens to energy

A

exergonic water mediated breakdown
energy/heat is released when ATP turns into ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

are cell conditions standard and what does it mean for hydrolysis?

A

no, therefore much more energy is available from the hydrolysis as a result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what kind of charge do phosphate groups have?

A

negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the negative charge of the phosphate mean for energy

A

repulsion of like charge causes energy release when the bonds are cleaved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do enzymes work to do and what net reaction is created?

A

couple exergonic reactions with reactions that require energy (endergonic)
creates a net exergonic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the process of enzymes coupling

A

the product (usually a phosphate group) is picked up and used as a reactant in the second reaction (intermediate)
this raises the energy of the intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how is ATP produced

A

using energy that arises from catabolic reactions in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

do anabolic reactions require or produce ATP? what about catabolic reactions

A

anabolic: require ATP
catabolic: produce ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens when a reaction reaches equilibrium? what does delta G look like?

A

it may no longer be used to perform work
delta G = 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does cellular catabolism begin and finish with?

A

begins with: glucose + O2 (high energy)
finishes with CO2 + H20 (low energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

metabolic processes must be tightly regulated, regulation may

A

turn the production of an enzyme off (stop transcription of the gene)
regulate the activity of the enzyme post- production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the allosteric site

A

when the allosteric regulatory molecule (inhibitor or activator) binds somewhere where the active site isn’t, that site is the allosteric site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens when an allosteric inhibitor binds to an enzyme?

A

Allosteric enzymes typically have multiple active sites located on different protein subunits.
When an allosteric inhibitor binds to an enzyme, ALL active sites on the protein subunits are changed slightly so that they don’t work as well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens when an allosteric activator binds to an enzyme

A

Some allosteric activators bind to locations on an enzyme other than the active site, causing an increase in the function of the active site.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is an example of an allosteric inhibitor?

A

ATP
-turns off catabolism (produce)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is cooperativity?

A

substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme that has many active sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens when cooperativity happens?

A

triggers a change in shape of all subunits
increases the catalytic activity of the enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is an allosteric protein that does not work as an enzyme?

A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does hemoglobin do?

A

works to transport O2 from the lungs to the tissues to the inside of the red blood cells
as the hemoglobin is going through the body you need to load it with tones of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
how does feedback inhibition work?
the end product of a metabolic pathway acts on the key enzyme regulating entry to that pathway, keeping more of the end product from being produced.
26
how is feedback inhibition behavior observed?
with allosteric inhibitiors
27
what is an example of a feedback inhibitor?
amino acid isoleucine
28
what does compartmentalization of the cell do?
creates order in metabolic pathways
29
______ of the first reaction will be the ________ for the next reaction
**product** of the first reaction will be the **reactant** for the next reaction
30
what is the origin of chemical energy?
the sun
31
what can be directly catabolized to release energy?
glucose
32
what will require some processing before they can be catabolized?
proteins, amino acids, lipids, polysaccharides
33
what happens when theres oxidation of organic molecules? delta G, activation energy
high energy molecules are broken into low energy molecules (-)delta G requires enzymes because of high activation energy
34
what is a loss of electrons?
oxidation
35
what is a gain of electrons?
reduction
36
how is energy in organic molecules released?
via electron transfers from one reactant to another
37
what is a redox reaction?
oxidation and reduction are always coupled every H+ that gets moved an e- gets moved
38
what is the reducing agent?
electron donor
39
what is the oxidizing agent?
electron acceptor
40
what is the greediest for electrons?
oxygen
41
do all redox reactions involve the complete transfer of electrons?
no
42
are C-H covalent bonds polar or non-polar
non-polar
43
are C-O covalent bonds polar or non-polar
polar
44
is oxygen an oxidizing agent or reducing agent?
oxidizing agent
45
what happens when transferring an electron to oxygen?
releases energy this energy may be used to perform work in the cell
46
when giving an electron to a molecule that wants it what type of reaction is that?
spontaneous
47
heavily reduced organic molecules have what potential energy
large potential energy
48
how is energy harvested through catabolism? what needs to happen and what does it need?
multiple steps each step has its own enzyme
49
why does catabolism of an organic molecule not occur in a single step?
causes explosion energy would not be harvested energy would be wasted
50
do we want enzymes to be controlled? why?
yes, because controlling enzymes means to turn them on and off if we couldn't control them we would constantly waste energy
51
why are multiple steps in a transfer good? analogy
if a teacher hands all the papers to you, its overwhelming if they give to you one by one (multiple steps) its easier
52
what is NADH
electron carrier that temporarily holds electrons reduced version
53
how many electrons does NADH hold?
2 electrons and H+
54
what is NAD+?
electrons that travel to go pick up electrons oxidized version (empty truck)
55
process of glucose to H2O (through NAD+)
glucose --> NAD+ --> O2 --> H2O
56
electrons move from _____ energy end of the chain to the _____ energy end of the chain
high to low
57
what can FADH2 hold?
2 spots 2H+ and e-
58
what is aerobic cellular respiration?
requires O2
59
where does aerobic respiration occur?
glycolysis, intermediate step, TCA cycle and electron transport chain
60
where does substrate level phosphorylation occur?
glycolysis and TCA cycle
61
how much ATP does substrate level phosphorylation produce?
4 ATP
62
where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
63
how much ATP does oxidative phosphorylation produce?
28 ATP
64
where does glycolysis take place?
cytosol
65
how much ATP does glycolysis require?
2 ATP
66
how much ATP is produced in glycolysis?
4 ATP are produced but because we invested 2 ATP, 2 ATP are produced at the end of glycolysis
67
what else does glycolysis produce?
2 NADH + 2H+
68
what does the chain of 6 carbons turn into? what does this process produce
2 pyruvate (C-C-C) (C-C-C) produces ATP
69
how much energy is released during glycolysis? where does that energy come from? %
25% of available energy is released during glycolysis (some from ATP some from NADH)
70
how many steps occur in glycolysis?
10 steps each requires a unique enzyme
71
once pyruvate is produced where is it translocated?
from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix
72
in prokaryotes where does the intermediate step take place?
cytoplasm
73
in the mitochondrial matrix what is pyruvate converted into? how do we get to that product?
coenzyme A gets inserted producing acetyl-CoA
74
what is generated when pyruvate is converted into C-C-CoA
2 molecules of CO2 2 molecules of NADH + H+
75
where does the TCA cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix
76
where does the TCA cycle occur in prokaryotes?
cytoplasm
77
what is the goal of the citric acid cycle?
to oxidize acetyl CoA completely
78
what are the 8 enzymes in the TCA cycle?
oxaloacetate citrate isocitrate ketoglutarate succinyl- CoA succinate fumarate malate
79
if an organism was unable to produce pyruvate what would happen?
GTP (ATP) would not be produced FADH2 would not be produced
80
how many photons of light are needed to produce 1 glucose molecule?
48 photons
81
when using molecules other then glucose to produce energy, what needs to happen?
Amino acids produced from protein breakdown must have amino groups removed before they can enter into cellular respiration
82
During cellular respiration electrons begin on and are transferred to
glucose to O2
83
when oxidizing 1 acetyl CoA what is produced?
1 GTP 3 NADH 1 FADH2
84
what does the TCA cycle produce after cycling twice?
2 GTP 6 NADH 2 FADH2
85
what is GTP?
ATP but with guanine
86
what is the first step of the TCA cycle?
acetyl coA (C-C) combines with oxaloacetate (C-C-C-C) forming a 6 carbon structure called citrate
87
why do 2 carbon get lost in the TCA cycle?
because 2 CO2 are released during the TCA cycle
88
what is the last step of the TCA cycle?
malate produces NADH when going back to step 1
89
when does water get inserted into the TCA cycle?
when fumarate makes malate (it needs energy to be able to get to the last step
90
what holds most of the energy that was made in glucose?
NADH and FADH2
91
where is the electron transport chain located?
inner mitochondrial membrane
92
what does pyruvate produce when converting into acetyl coA? what gets inserted?
2 NADH 2 CO2 coenzyme A gets inserted twice
93
what are the complexes in ETC made of?
mainly of protein
94
what is needed in order for these complexes to function?
tightly bound prosthetic group
95
how many NADH enter the ETC?
10
96
how many ATP are produced per NADH molecule?
2.5 ATP/ NADH molecule
97
how many FADH2 enter the ETC?
2
98
how many ATP are produced per FADH2 molecule?
1.5 ATP/ FADH2 molecule
99
how much ATP in total are produced
32
100
what is complex I also made out of?
FMN (flavoprotein)
101
what does FMN do?
accepts electrons
102
what does FMN do with these electrons?
moves them to Fe-S
103
what does Fe-S do?
transfers electrons to ubiquinone
104
how are electrons produced to travel through the ETC?
produced from NADH --> NAD+ produced from FADH2 --> FAD+
105
what does ubiquinone do with the electrons from complex I and II
carries electrons to complex III
106
what is complex III also called?
cytochrome reductase
107
what is included in the structure of cytochrome reductase?
iron
108
what is the last electron carrier called?
cytochrome a3 or complex IV
109
what does complex IV do?
transfers electrons to O2
110
what does O2 do?
picks up H+ from the mitochondrial matrix forming water
111
what is the equation to form H2O?
2e- + 2H+ + 1/2 O2 ---> H2O
112
where does FADH2 enter the chain? how many electrons does it contribute?
enters chain at complex II contributes 2e-
113
why is complex II worth less ATP?
because it enters the chain later
114
when is H+ pumped into the inter-membranous space?
complexes I, III and IV
115
why can complex II not pump H+ across?
not transmembrane
116
what does the H+ gradient provide?
proton motive force that can be used to produce ATP
117
what can the energy stored in the gradient be used to do?
cellular work
118
what movement from the proton gradient is used to drive cellular work?
movement of pyruvate from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria movement of ATP into the cytosol after production in the ETC
119
how many H+ ions need to be pumped through chemiosmosis for 1 ATP to be produced?
4H+ need to be pumped
120
what has a higher pH, intermembrane space or mitochondrial matrix?
mitochondrial matrix (pH=7.8) intermembrane space (pH=7)
121
what would happen if the ETC stopped?
you won't be able to make enough ATP and you'll die
122
what does aerobic cellular respiration consist of?
glycolysis, intermediate step, TCA cycle and ETC
123
when does fermentation occur?
in the absence of oxygen
124
is fermentation ever a primary means of energy production?
yes. in some prokaryotes
125
what are the 2 types of fermentation?
alcohol fermentation lactic acid fermentation
126
what happens before fermentation?
glycolysis then fermentation
127
what is the product of alcohol fermentation?
produces ethanol
128
what is the product of lactic acid fermentation?
lactic acid
129
does fermentation use ETC
no.
130
what is the process of alcohol fermentation?
normal glycolysis pyruvate (C-C-C) CO2 steams of creating a 2 carbon enzyme called acetaldehyde (C-C) NAD+ is produced acetaldehyde turns into ethanol (C-C-OH) NAD+ goes back to beginning of glycolysis for process to restart
131
how much ATP and NADH is produced in fermentation?
more then 2 ATP 2 NADH (from glycolysis)
132
where does fermentation occur?
in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
133
what happens to NADH in fermentation? why does this happen?
NADH is oxidized back to NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue to produce energy for the cell
134
what creates alcohol fermentation?
bacteria and yeast
135
what is lactic acid fermentation used by?
fungi and bacteria
136
human skeletal muscle switches to lactic acid fermentation when O2 is limited, how does this process work?
lactic acid is sent to the liver converted to pyruvate enters into the intermediate step for normal catabolic processing
137
what happens after pyruvate is made in glycolysis? lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate converted into lactic acid
138
what's another process used in the absence of oxygen?
anaerobic respiration
139
does anaerobic respiration use ETC?
yes!
140
due to the absence of O2, what is used instead?
instead of O2, SO4 instead of water, H2S
141
is any energy available from anaerobic respiration?
yes, just less energy avaliable
142
what happens to obligate anaerobes in the presence of O2?
killed in the presence of O2
143
what do obligate anaerobes use for energy production?
fermentation or anaerobic respiration
144
what are facultative anaerobes?
can grow under conditions with or without oxygen but prefer aerobic conditions
145
is free glucose common?
no
146
what are commonly consumed as energy?
disaccharides, proteins and lipids
147
how does glycogen release free glucose for cell respiration?
glycogen is easily cutdown into glucose
148
what can amino acids be used for?
anabolic reactions protein synthesis
149
how can amino acids be used for ATP production? (5 steps)
amino acids go through deamination amino group gets cut off pyruvate (C-C-C) produced can go directly into intermediate step amino group gets peed out
150
glycerol can be converted into what?
glycerol can be converted into C-C-C
151
what can fatty acids be synthesized from?
acetyl coA
152
what do fats store?
large quantities of energy therefore, worth large quantities of NADH, FADH2 and GTP in the TCA cycle
153
why is it more difficult to loose weight?
1 gram of fat stores twice as much energy as 1 gram of sugar
154
is all food that enters the body catabolized?
no, some must be used in order to build molecules required by the body
155
what do anabolic reactions consume?
ATP
156
what is released when the molecule is catabolized?
ATP
157
order of highest energy production to lowest (aerobic, fermentation, anaerobic)
aerobic, anaerobic, fermentation
158
what type of process is movement of protons across complex I from the mitochondrial matrix into the inter-membranous space?
endergonic

BIOL 1020 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions