Basic Chemistry- lecture #4

Question 1

what element do all organic compounds contain?

Answer 1

carbon

Question 2

why do organic compounds contain carbon?

Answer 2

excellent molecular component because of its ability to form large and diverse molecules
its the base or “building block”
(its like wood to build a house, its the first step)

Question 3

photosynthetic organisms fix CO2 into what?

Answer 3

sugars

Question 4

carbon is the main constituent of what 4 macromolecules required for life?

Answer 4

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 5

carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell, how does it achieve a complete outer shell (containing 8 electrons)?

Answer 5

form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms

Question 6

what is also required to form complex macromolecules?
PHONS

Answer 6

phosphorus
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
sulfur

Question 7

though PHONS are also required do they ever come close to the quantity of carbon that is used?

Answer 7

never

Question 8

what do organic molecules contain as a part of their framework?

Answer 8

carbon

Question 9

what are the 3 exceptions to use carbon as a part of organic molecules framework?

Answer 9

carbon dioxide (CO2)
carbon monoxide (CO)
carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Question 10

do organic molecules range considerably in size?

Answer 10

YES
Methane (CH4)
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Protein

Question 11

how do organisms differentiate between each other if they all use the same elements?

Answer 11

differences in the types of molecules found in living organisms allow one to differentiate between them

Question 12

who is responsible for showthing that the non-living synthesis of organic compounds is possible?

Answer 12

Stanley Miller

Question 13

what do biotic and abiotic mean?

Answer 13

Biotic: living (organic matter)
Abiotic: nonliving (sunlight, soil)

Question 14

why is stanley miller’s experiment important?

Answer 14

supports evolution
organic molecules were ale to arise under the conditions of early earth

Question 15

what redefined the study of carbon compounds regardless of their origin (biotic or abiotic)?

Answer 15

organic chemistry

Question 16

why did Miller set up an experiment to mimic?

Answer 16

Miller set up an experiment to mimic the conditions that are thought to have existed on early earth

Question 17

what was Miller trying to figure out?

Answer 17

figure out how abiotic factors were turned into organic compounds

Question 18

explain Stanley Miller’s experiment

Answer 18

1. a flask filled with hot water (represented the early sea)
2. which evaporated into water vapor and entered the atmosphere flask (contained hydrogen, methane, and ammonia, and also electrodes to mimic lightning)
   -a condenser cooled the atmosphere
3. after traveling through the atmosphere, the water vapor condensed into rain
4. the water containing organic molecules was collected for analysis

Question 19

after one week what did Miller find?

Answer 19

found a variety of organic compounds
including some amino acids

Question 20

why is the carbon atom able to form very large, diverse molecules?

Answer 20

because carbon is able to form 4 covalent bonds

Question 21

the outer most electron shell has space for how many electrons?

Answer 21

8

Question 22

what is the octet rule?

Answer 22

tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell

Question 23

carbon chains form the ____ of most organic molecules

Answer 23

skeleton

Question 24

the skeleton can be in what forms? (4)

Answer 24

straight
branched
ring
double bond

Question 25

what are hydrocarbons?

Answer 25

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Question 26

hydrocarbons are a component of what?

Answer 26

fossil fuels

Question 27

why do living cells not have full hydrocarbon structures?

Answer 27

because they exist as components of more complex molecules ex. phospholipids, cholesterol

Question 28

Are hydrocarbons hydrophobic/non- polar or hydrophilic/ polar?

Answer 28

non-polar covalent bonds therefore, hydrophobic

Question 29

hydrocarbons may participate in what types of reactions?

Answer 29

reactions that release large amounts of energy

Question 30

what are isomers?

Answer 30

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures

Question 31

what do different structures create?

Answer 31

differences in properties

Question 32

what are the 3 types of isomers?

Answer 32

structural isomers cis/trans isomers enantiomers

Question 33

what arrangement do structural isomers come in?

Answer 33

straight or branched they differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms

Question 34

the number of possible isomers in structural isomers increases with what?

Answer 34

the number of carbon atoms

Question 35

what else might differ in structural isomers?

Answer 35

double bond position

Question 36

what were cis and trans isomers formerly referred to as?

Answer 36

geometric isomers

Question 37

carbon-carbon double bonds are what types of structures?

Answer 37

rigid structures

Question 38

why is the rotation of the double bond not possible?

Answer 38

because they're more restricted

Question 39

can single carbon-carbon bonds rotate?

Answer 39

yes because they are less restricted but they arent as strong

Question 40

what does not change between cis and trans isomers?

Answer 40

connectivity of atoms spatial arrangement of atoms differ

Question 41

when carbons involved in a double bond with one another have two different atoms attached what is possible?

Answer 41

different spatial orientations is possible

Question 42

what is the difference is structure of cis and trans isomers?

Answer 42

cis isomers: both X substituents are on the same side of the double bond trans isomer: X substituents are on opposite side of the double bond

Question 43

small differences in spatial orientation may significantly affect what of the molecule?

Answer 43

activity of the molecule

Question 44

are functional groups important?

Answer 44

as important as the arrangement of the carbon skeleton for molecular function

Question 45

are hydrocarbons simple?

Answer 45

yes they form the basic framework for more complex organic molecules

Question 46

functional groups replace what element in chemicals?

Answer 46

hydrogen

Question 47

how do functional groups contribute to chemical reactivity?

Answer 47

due to shape (directly or indirectly)

Question 48

what is important for functional groups? (2)

Answer 48

number of groups and their arrangement

Question 49

what is the analogy of functional groups and hydrocarbons?

Answer 49

This class is quiet, if someone joined the class that couldn’t stop talking loud it would only disrupt say one area of the classroom, however if she we added another disruptive student, it will disrupt more areas of the class and so forth Hydrocarbon would be the quiet class When you start to add functional groups it starts to disrupt and gets more disruptive the more functional groups you add

Question 50

what are the 8 functional groups?

Answer 50

hydroxyl carbonyl carboxyl amino phosphate sulfhydryl methyl acetyl (wont be discussed)

Question 51

what is hydroxyl structure and an example?

Answer 51

do q- card (1)

Question 52

what is the name of the hydroxyl compound?

Answer 52

alcohols

Question 53

what are hydroxyl groups functional properties?

Answer 53

polar (hydrophilic) can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

Question 54

what is the structure of carbonyl group and an example?

Answer 54

q-card (2)

Question 55

what is the name of the compound carbonyl?

Answer 55

ketones if its within a carbon skeleton aldehydes if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton

Question 56

what do ketones and aldehydes hold onto?

Answer 56

ketones: 2 carbons aldehyde: carbon and a hydrogen

Question 57

what are the functional properties of carbonyl groups?

Answer 57

structural isomers with different properties found in sugars (gives rise to two major groups) -ketoses (contains keytone groups) -aldoses (contains aldehyde groups)

Question 58

what is the structure of carboxyl groups and an example?

Answer 58

q- card (3)

Question 59

what is the name of the compound for carboxyl?

Answer 59

carboxylic acids or organic acids

Question 60

what groups are carboxyl groups made of?

Answer 60

hydroxyl + carbonyl = carboxyl

Question 61

what are the functional properties of carboxyl groups?

Answer 61

acts as an acid can donate H+

Question 62

in what form are carboxyl groups found in?

Answer 62

ionized form with a charge of 1 (called carboxylate ion)

Question 63

what does non-ionized and ionized look like?

Answer 63

q-card (4)

Question 64

what is the amino group structure and an example?

Answer 64

q-card (5)

Question 65

what is the name of the compound of amino?

Answer 65

amines

Question 66

what are the functional properties of amino group?

Answer 66

acts as a base can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution

Question 67

in what form are amino groups found in?

Answer 67

found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1+

Question 68

what is the structure of sulfhydryl and an example?

Answer 68

q-card (6)

Question 69

what is the name of the compound sulfhydryl?

Answer 69

thoils

Question 70

what are the functional properties of sulfhydryl?

Answer 70

two sulfhydryl groups can react to form a covalent bond (this cross linking helps stabilize protein structure)

Question 71

what does cross linking of cysteines in hair proteins do?

Answer 71

maintains the curliness or straitness of hair

Question 72

what is the structure of phosphate and an example?

Answer 72

q-card (7)

Question 73

what is the name of the compound for phosphate?

Answer 73

organic phosphates

Question 74

what are the functional properties of phosphate?

Answer 74

contributes negative charge to the molecule molecules containing phosphate groups have the potential to react with water (releasing energy)

Question 75

what is the structure of methyl and an example?

Answer 75

q-card (8)

Question 76

what is the name of the compound for methyl?

Answer 76

methylated compounds

Question 77

what are the functional properties of methyl?

Answer 77

non-polar non-reactive builds molecular weight (changes melting and boiling point) addition of methyl to DNA (or molecules bound to DNA) affects the expression of genes arrangement of methyl in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function