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Biology > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

State the basic structure of a nucleotide. (F)

A
  • phosphate group
  • pentose sugar
  • nitrogenous base
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2
Q

State the carbon the phosphate group and nitrogenous base are attached to on the pentose sugar.

A

Phosphate group is attached to C5.

Nitrogenous base is attached to C1.

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3
Q

State the two main types of nucleic acid. (F)

A
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

- RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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4
Q

Describe the similarities between the nucleotides of DNA and RNA. (F)

A
  • both have a phosphate group
  • both have a pentose sugar
  • both have the adenine, cytosine and guanine bases
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5
Q

Describe the differences between the nucleotides of DNA and RNA. (F)

A

Differences:

  • DNA has a deoxyribose sugar; RNA has a ribose sugar
  • DNA has the thymine base; RNA has the uracil base
  • DNA is double stranded; RNA is single stranded
  • DNA has hydrogen bonds; RNA doesn’t
  • DNA is long; RNA is short
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6
Q

Identify the difference between the structures of ribose and deoxyribose.

A

Ribose has an -OH group on C2; deoxyribose has an -H on C2.

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7
Q

List the full names of the 5 possible nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids.

A
  • adenine
  • cytosine
  • guanine
  • thymine
  • uracil
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8
Q

Name the two types of nitrogenous base.

A
  • purine

- pyramidine

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9
Q

Which nitrogenous bases belong to purine?

A
  • adenine

- guanine

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10
Q

Which nitrogenous bases belong to pyamidine?

A
  • cytosine
  • thymine
  • uracil
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11
Q

Outline the structure of the pyrimidine bases.

A
  • small

- single carbon ring structure

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12
Q

Outline the structure of the purine bases.

A
  • large

- double carbon ring structure

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13
Q

Define the term “monomer”. (F)

A

The individual molecules that make up a polymer.

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14
Q

Define the term “polymer”. (F)

A

A long chain molecule composed of many bonded monomers in a repeating pattern.

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15
Q

Define the term “nucleic acid”. (F)

A

Large polymers formed from nucleotides.

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16
Q

Define the term “polynucleotide”. (F)

A

A chain of nucleotides

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17
Q

Define the term “phosphodiester bond”. (F)

A

Covalent bonds formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of another.

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18
Q

State the name of the reaction that joins nucleotides to other nucleotides and the name of the reaction that breaks phosphodiester bonds. (F)

A
  • condensation reaction

- hydrolysis reaction

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19
Q

State 3 main types of activity for which cells require energy.

A
  • synthesis
  • transport
  • movement
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20
Q

Describe the structure of ATP and how it differs to ADP.

A
  • adenine base
  • ribose sugar
  • 3 phosphate groups (ADP has two)
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21
Q

State the full names of ATP and ADP.

A
  • adenosine triphosphate

- adenosine diphosphate

22
Q

List 2 similarities between the structure of ATP and DNA and RNA nucleotides.

A
  • adenine base

- ribose sugar (like RNA)

23
Q

List 2 differences between the structure of ATP and DNA and RNA nucleotides.

A
  • single nucleotide

- 3 phosphate groups

24
Q

Draw a reaction to show how energy is released from ATP to provide energy for cellular activities. (F)

A

ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi + energy

25
Q

Draw a reaction to show how energy is released from ATP to provide energy for cellular activities. (F)

A

ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi + energy

ATP is hydrolysed to form ADP and an inorganic phosphate ion.

26
Q

State the names of the types of reactions involved in the interconversion of ATP and ADP.

A
  • hydrolysis (ATP -> ADP)

- condensation (ADP -> ATP)

27
Q

State where energy is released in the interconversion of ATP and ADP.

A

Into the cell.

28
Q

State the role of respiration in the interconversion of ATP and ADP.

A

Energy released from the breakdown of fats and carbohydrates during respiration is used to convert ADP to ATP.

29
Q

State 5 properties of ATP and explain why each makes it ideally suited to function as an energy transfer molecule. (F)

A
  • small: moves easily into/within/out of a cell
  • water soluble: reactions take place in aqueous environment
  • phosphate bonds are at an intermediate energy level: large enough to be useful but doesn’t waste energy as heat
  • energy released in small quantities: suitable for cellular needs
  • easily regenerated: recharge with energy
30
Q

Define the term “phosphorylation”.

A

The reattachment of a phosphate group to an ADP molecule to create ATP.

31
Q

Describe the structure of DNA. (F)

A
  • sugar-phosphate backbone
  • double stranded
  • complementary base pairings
  • hydrogen bonds
  • deoxyribose
  • A, T, C, G
  • phosphate groups
32
Q

Define the term “complementary base pairing” in relation to DNA. (F)

A

Specific hydrogen bonding between nucleic acid bases.

33
Q

Define the term “sugar-phosphate backbone” in relation to DNA. (F)

A

The linkage of the phosphate group on C5’ and the -OH group on C3 between adjacent nucleotides,

34
Q

Define the term “strand” in relation to DNA. (F)

A

A chain of nucleotides

35
Q

Define the term “double helix” in relation to DNA. (F)

A

The two strands of polynucleotides coiled into a helix.

36
Q

Define the term “strand” in relation to DNA. (F)

A

A chain of nucleotides.

37
Q

State the complementary base pairing rules. (F)

A
  • adenine and thymine

- cytosine and guanine

38
Q

Name the bond that holds complementary base pairs together together. (F)

A

Hydrogen bonds

39
Q

State the number of bonds that hold each complementary base pair together. (F)

A
  • adenine and thymine: 2

- cytosine and guanine: 3

40
Q

Explain why a DNA molecule has equal amounts of adenine and thymine and equal amounts of cytosine and guanine.

A

Complementary base pairing. If one of the pairs is present on one strand, the partner will be on the opposite strand.

41
Q

Describe how purines and pyrimidines are arranged in the complementary base pairing rules.

A

Purines pair with pyrimidines.

42
Q

Describe the significance of the double stranded, complementary base paired nature of DNA for its function.

A

Allows DNA to be copied and transcribed

43
Q

Describe the significance of the sequence of bases in a DNA strand for its function.

A

Carries the genetic information of an organism.

44
Q

Describe the steps in the isolation and purification of DNA by precipitation.

A
  • grind sample in mortar and pestle
  • mix sample with detergent
  • add salt
  • add protease enzyme
  • add a layer of ethanol on top of the sample
  • (DNA appears as white strands between layer of sample and alcohol)
45
Q

Explain the importance of the grinding the sample in the isolation and purification of DNA by precipitation.

A

Breaks down the cell walls.

46
Q

Explain the importance of detergent in the isolation and purification of DNA by precipitation.

A
  • breaks down cell surface membrane

- releases cellular contents

47
Q

Explain the importance of salt in the isolation and purification of DNA by precipitation.

A

Breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA and water molecules.

48
Q

Explain the importance of protease enzyme in the isolation and purification of DNA by precipitation.

A
  • breaks down proteins associated with DNA in nuclei

- histone proteins

49
Q

Explain the importance of ethanol in the isolation and purification of DNA by precipitation.

A

Causes DNA to precipitate out of the solution.

50
Q

Explain the importance of keeping the temperature low in the isolation and purification of DNA by precipitation.

A
  • prevents enzymes from breaking DNA down

- helps it precipitate better

Biology (23 decks)

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