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Biology > Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

List the stages of the cell cycle in order and outline what happens at each stage. (F)

A
  • interphase

- mitotic phase

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2
Q

Outline what happens at interphase. (F)

A
  • DNA is replicated
  • protein synthesis
  • mitochondria and chloroplasts divide
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3
Q

Outline what happens at mitosis. (F)

A
  • nuclear division

- cell division

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4
Q

List the 3 stages of interphase in order. (F)

A
  • G1
  • S
  • G2
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5
Q

Describe what happens at G1. (F)

A
  • protein synthesis
  • organelle replication
  • cell increases in size
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6
Q

Describe what happens at S. (F)

A
  • DNA is replicated
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7
Q

Describe what happens at G2. (F)

A
  • cell continues to grow in size
  • energy stores increased
  • duplicated DNA checked for errors
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8
Q

List the 2 stages of the mitotic phase and outline what happens at each stage.

A
  • mitosis

- cytokinesis

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9
Q

Outline what happens at mitosis.

A
  • nuclear division
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10
Q

Outline what happens at cytokinesis.

A
  • cytoplasm divides, producing two cells
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11
Q

Describe the significance of G0 as a phase that cells enter when they leave the cell cycle.

A

Allows for:

  • differentiation and cell specialisation
  • removal of damaged cells
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12
Q

Outline the role of checkpoints to control the cell cycle. (F)

A
  • monitor and verify that the processes at each phase has been accurately completed
  • prevents progression of damaged cells
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13
Q

Where does the G1 checkpoint occur?

A
  • end of G1 phase

- before S phase

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14
Q

What is checked at the G1 checkpoint?

A
  • cell size
  • nutrients
  • growth factors
  • DNA damage
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15
Q

Where does the metaphase checkpoint occur?

A
  • metaphase

- (where chromosomes are attached to spindles and are aligned)

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16
Q

What is checked at the G2 checkpoint?

A
  • cell size
  • DNA replication
  • DNA damage
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17
Q

What is checked at the metaphase checkpoint?

A
  • chromosome attachment to spindle
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18
Q

Outline the link between cell-cycle regulation and cancer. (S+C)

A
  • cancer is caused by uncontrolled division of cells
  • tumours are result of damage or spontaneous mutation of genes that encode proteins involved in regulating cell cycle i.e. checkpoint proteins
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19
Q

Define the term “mitosis”. (F)

A

Nuclear division stage in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle.

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20
Q

Define the term “chromosome”. (F)

A

Structure of condensed and coiled DNA in the form of chromatin. Chromosomes become visible under the light microscope when cells are preparing to divide.

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21
Q

Define the term “chromatid”.(F)

A

A single copy of DNA.

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22
Q

Define the term “sister chromatids”. (F)

A

Two identical copies of DNA (a chromosome) held together by a centromere.

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23
Q

Define the term “centromere”. (F)

A

Region at which two chromatics are held together.

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24
Q

Define the term “centrioles”. (F)

A

Component of the cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells, composed of microtubules.

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25
Q

Define the term “spindle fibres”. (F)

A

A network of microtubules that form the mitotic/meiotic spindle for chromosome segregation in cell division.

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26
Q

Define the term “homologous pairs”. (F)

A

Matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.

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27
Q

List the stages of mitosis in order. (F)

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
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28
Q

Describe what happens at prophase in mitosis. (F)

A
  • chromatin condenses to form chromosomes that are visible under a light microscope
  • spindle fibres form
  • centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell
  • nuclear envelope disappears
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29
Q

Describe what happens at prophase in mitosis. (F)

A
  • chromatin condenses to form chromosomes that are visible under a light microscope
  • spindle fibres form
  • centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell
  • nuclear envelope disappears
  • nucleolus disappears
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30
Q

Describe what happens at anaphase in mitosis. (F)

A
  • centromeres divide
  • chromatids pulled to opposite poles by shortening spindle fibres
  • V shape formed from being dragged through cytosol
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31
Q

Describe what happens at telophase in mitosis. (F)

A
  • chromatids have reached poles and are called chromosomes
  • nuclear envelope reforms
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • nucleolus formed
  • cytokinesis begins
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32
Q

Explain the role of the centrioles and spindle fibres in mitosis.

A
  • centrioles aid in spindle formation

- spindle fibres are responsible for segregation and separation of chromatids

33
Q

Explain the role of the centrioles in mitosis.

A

Aid in spindle formation

34
Q

Explain the role of the spindle fibres in mitosis.

A
  • form metaphase plate

- segregation and separation of chromatids

35
Q

Describe the process of cytokinesis in animal cells.. (F)

A
  • cleavage furrow forms in middle of cell

- plasma membrane pulled inwards by cytoskeleton until it can fuse in the middle

36
Q

Describe the process of cytokinesis in animal cells. (F)

A
  • cell walls so no cleavage furrow
  • vesicles from Golgi apparatus assemble where metaphase plate was
  • vesicles fuse with each other and cell surface membrane
  • new sections of cell wall form along new sections of membrane
37
Q

Describe the relative quantity of DNA in a dividing cell, using x as the initial quantity.

A
  • x at beginning
  • 2x at S, during DNA replication
  • x at cytokinesis, when 2 daughter cells are formed
38
Q

Calculate the mitotic index of a sample of dividing cells.

A

(number of cells in mitosis / total number of cells) x 100

39
Q

Calculate how many cells have been produced during mitosis from one cell given the number of cell cycles that have taken place. (F)

A

x = number of cell cycles

cells produced = 2^x

40
Q

Explain how to calculate the length of time each stage in the cell cycle takes given a sample of cells undergoing mitotic cell division and the total duration of the cell cycle.

A

(sample of cells in stage / total number of cells) x total duration of cell cycle

41
Q

Describe the purpose of mitotic cell division. (F)

A

To produce genetically identical daughter cells.

42
Q

List 4 roles of mitotic cell division. (F)

A
  • growth of tissues
  • replacement of tissues
  • repair of tissues
  • asexual reproduction
43
Q

Define the term “diploid”. (F)

A

Normal chromosome number: two chromosomes of each type – one inherited from each parent.

44
Q

Define the term “haploid”. (F)

A

Half the normal chromosome number; one chromosome of each type.

45
Q

Define the term “gamete”. (F)

A

Haploid sex cells produced by meiosis in organisms that reproduce sexually.

46
Q

Define the term “zygote”. (F)

A

The initial diploid cell formed when two gametes are joined by means of sexual reproduction. Earliest stage of embryonic development.

47
Q

Define the term “meiosis”. (F)

A

Form of ell division where the nucleus divides twice (meiosis I and meiosis II) resulting in a halving of the chromosome number and producing four haploid cells from one diploid cell.

48
Q

Define the term “reduction division”. (F)

A

Cell division resulting in the production of haploid cells from a diploid cell; meiosis.

49
Q

Explain the role of meiosis in life cycles.

A
  • produces sex cells with half the number of chromosomes
  • zygotes will be diploid
  • chromosome number of an organism doesn’t double with each round of reproduction
50
Q

State 2 ways in which meiosis produces variation. (F)

A
  • crossing over

- independent assortment of chromosomes

51
Q

Suggest the importance of the creation of different allele combinations in populations.

A
  • increases genetic biodiversity
  • decreased risk of disease wiping population out
  • allows for adaptation
52
Q

Define the term “homologous chromosomes”. (F)

A

Matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.

53
Q

Define the term “bivalent”. (F)

A

The name for two homologous chromosomes that have paired up in prophase I of meiosis.

54
Q

Define the term “crossing over”. (F)

A

The exchange of DNA between chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

55
Q

Define the term “random independent assortment”. (F)

A

The fact that which daughter cell a chromosome ends up in after Meiosis I or a chromatid ends up in after Meisosis II is random and independent of the fate of chromosomes from other homologous pairs.

56
Q

State the stages of meiosis in order.

A
  • prophase I
  • metaphase I
  • anaphase I
  • telophase I
  • prophase II
  • metaphase II
  • anaphase II
  • telophase II
57
Q

Outline what occurs in meiosis I. (F)

A
  • reduction division
  • pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated
  • haploid cells
58
Q

Outline what occurs in meiosis II. (F)

A
  • similar to mitosis
  • separation of chromatids
  • four haploid daughter cells
59
Q

Describe what happens at prophase I of meiosis. (F)

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • nuclear envelope disappears
  • nucleolus disappears
  • spindle formation begins
  • homologous chromosomes pair up to form bivalents
  • crossing over occurs when sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes entangle
60
Q

Describe what happens at metaphase I of meiosis. (F)

A
  • homologous pairs of chromosomes assemble on metaphase plate
  • homologous pair orientation on metaphase plate is random and independent of other homologous pairs
61
Q

Describe what happens at anaphase I of meiosis. (F)

A
  • homologous chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite poles
  • chromatids remain joined together
  • sections of DNA on non-sister chromatids break off and rejoin following crossing over
  • recombinant chromatids formed and sister chromatids are no longer identical
62
Q

Describe what happens at telophase I of meiosis. (F)

A
  • chromosomes assemble at each pole
  • nuclear membrane reforms
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • cell undergoes cytokinesis and divides into two cells
  • haploid cells formed
63
Q

Describe what happens at prophase II of meiosis. (F)

A
  • chromosomes condense and become visible
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • spindle formation begins
64
Q

Describe what happens at metaphase II of meiosis. (F)

A
  • individual chromosomes assemble on metaphase plate

- independent assortment of chromosomes

65
Q

Describe what happens at anaphase II of meiosis. (F)

A
  • chromatids are pulled to opposite poles after division of centromeres
66
Q

Describe what happens at telophase II of meiosis. (F)

A
  • chromatids assemble at poles
  • chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin
  • nuclear envelope reforms
  • nucleolus becomes visible
  • cytokinesis forms 4 haploid daughter cells
67
Q

Describe the process of crossing over and explain how it produces genetic variation. (F)

A
  • chromatids of homologous chromosomes twist around each other and cross many times
  • at metaphase I, break at chiasmata to exchange equal sections of DNA
  • sister chromatids on a single chromosomes are no longer genetically identical
68
Q

Describe the process of random independent assortment and explain how it produces genetic variation. (F)

A
  • in meiosis I, chromosomes can line up in different ways before homologous chromosomes separate
  • in meiosis II, chromatids can line up in different ways before chromosomes separate
  • independent of orientation of other homologous chromosomes/chromatids
  • each daughter cell has a different combination of alleles
69
Q

Explain (given the chromosome number of the species) how to calculate the total number of possible genetically different gametes that could be produced through independent assortment only.

A

x = number of chromosomes

total number = x^2

70
Q

Compare meiosis I and meiosis II.

A
  • both produce haploid chromosomes
  • meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, whereas meiosis II separates chromosomes
  • meiosis I forms two daughter cells whereas meiosis II forms four daughter cells
  • random independent assortment occurs at metaphase
71
Q

Compare meiosis I and meiosis II.

A
  • both produce haploid cells
  • meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, whereas meiosis II separates chromosomes
  • meiosis I forms two daughter cells whereas meiosis II forms four daughter cells
  • random independent assortment occurs at metaphase
72
Q

State the similarities between meiosis I and meiosis II.

A
  • both produce haploid cells

- random independent assortment occurs at metaphase

73
Q

State the similarities between meiosis I and mitosis.

A
  • both produce two daughter cells

- similar anaphase and telophase

74
Q

State the similarities between meiosis II and mitosis.

A
  • separation of chromatids at metaphase

- similar prophase and anaphase

75
Q

State the differences between meiosis I and meiosis II.

A
  • MI separates homologous chromosomes, whereas MII separates chromosomes
  • MI forms two daughter cells whereas MII forms four daughter cells
76
Q

State the differences between meiosis I and mitosis.

A
  • MI produces haploid cells whereas M produces diploid cells
  • MI separates homologous chromosomes at metaphase whereas M separates chromosomes
  • MI has crossing over occurring at prophase
77
Q

State the differences between meiosis II and mitosis.

A
  • MII produces four daughter cells whereas M produces two daughter cells
  • MII produces haploid cells whereas M produces diploid cells
78
Q

Compare mitosis and meiosis. (F)

A
  • Mi produces genetically identical cells; Me produces genetically variation
  • Mi produces two daughter cells; Me produces 4 daughter cells
  • Mi produces diploid cells; Me produces haploid cells
  • Mi is used in growth, repair and replacement of tissues as well as asexual reproduction; Me is used in sexual reproduction

Biology (23 decks)

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