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Biology > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

State the elements present in carbohydrates. (F)

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
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2
Q

State the general formula of carbohydrates. (F)

A

Cn(H2O)n

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3
Q

Define the term “monosaccharide”. (F)

A

A single sugar molecule

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4
Q

Define the term “pentose sugar” and give an example. (F)

A

A monosaccharide composed of 5 carbons i.e. ribose

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5
Q

Define the term “triose sugar” and name an example. (S+C)

A

A monosaccharide composed of 3 carbons i.e. glyceraldehyde

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6
Q

Describe what is meant by a “furanose ring” and a “pyranose ring”. (S+C)

A

Furanose ring: a five membered ring with 4 carbon atoms and an oxygen atom

Pyranose ring: a six membered ring with 5 carbon atoms and an oxygen atom

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7
Q

Define the term “isomer”.

A

Structural variation between molecules with the same atoms.

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8
Q

Describe the difference between alpha- and beta-glucose. (F)

A

Alpha-glucose has the hydroxyl group on C1 below the carbon ring; beta-glucose has the hydroxyl group on C1 above the carbon ring

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9
Q

List the similarities between alpha-glucose and ribose.

A
  • soluble in water
  • composed of C, H and O
  • contain -OH groups
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10
Q

List 3 examples of disaccharides and for each state which monosaccharides they are composed of. (F)

A
  • maltose (two alpha-glucose molecules)
  • sucrose (alpha-glucose and fructose)
  • lactose (beta-glucose and galactose)
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11
Q

State the properties of glucose.

A
  • polar
  • water soluble
  • sweeter than galactose
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12
Q

State the properties of fructose.

A
  • polar
  • water soluble
  • sweeter than glucose and galactose
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13
Q

State the properties of galactose.

A
  • polar
  • water soluble
  • sweet
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14
Q

State the properties of maltose.

A
  • soluble

- less sweet than glucose

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15
Q

State the properties of sucrose.

A
  • sweet

- soluble

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16
Q

State the properties of lactose.

A
  • low solubility

- slow release of energy

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17
Q

Explain why alpha-glucose links together to form starch whereas beta-glucose links together to form cellulose.

A

Alpha-glucose has both -OH chains on C1 and C4 below the carbon ring, so it forms starch.

Beta-glucose has to rotate to link because the -OH on C1 and C4 are on opposite sides of the carbon ring, so it forms cellulose.

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18
Q

List the two different polysaccharides that make up starch. (F)

A
  • amylose

- amylopectin

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19
Q

Explain why glycosidic bonds are called 1,4 or 1,6.

A

Glycosidic bonds are 1,4 when they occur between C1 and C4.

Glycosidic bonds are 1,6 when they occur between C1 and C6.

20
Q

Explain how to calculate the number of glycosidic bonds in a carbohydrate given the number of monosaccharides it is made up from. (S+C)

A

number of glycosidic bonds = number of monosaccharides - 1

21
Q

Describe the structure of a cellulose fibre.

A

Straight chain

22
Q

State the properties of amylopectin.

A
  • highly branched
  • insoluble
  • compact
23
Q

State the properties of cellulose.

A
  • insoluble

- forms fibres which are insoluble

24
Q

State the properties of glycogen.

A
  • highly branched
  • insoluble
  • compact
25
Q

State the properties of amylose.

A
  • compact

- insoluble

26
Q

Relate the structural properties to the functions of amylopectin with reference to its solubility, size, bonding and presence of side chains. (F)

A
  • insoluble so good for energy storage (doesn’t change water potential of a cell)
  • large in size so good for energy storage
  • has 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds so has many side chains (branched) so is good for energy storage and release
27
Q

Relate the structural properties to the functions of amylose with reference to its solubility, size, bonding and presence of side chains. (F)

A
  • insoluble so good for energy storage (doesn’t change water potential of a cell)
  • large so good for energy storage
  • has 1,4 bonds glycosidic bonds only and forms a helix with hydrogen bonds so good for energy storage (strong)
  • no side chains present
28
Q

Relate the structural properties to the functions of glycogen with reference to its solubility, size, bonding and presence of side chains. (F)

A
  • insoluble so good for energy storage (doesn’t change water potential of a cell)
  • large in size so good for energy storage
  • has 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds so has many side chains (branched) so is good for energy storage and release
29
Q

Relate the structural properties to the function of cellulose with reference to its solubility, size, bonding and presence of side chains. (F)

A
  • insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential of a cell
  • large because fibres are formed, which make it strong
  • 1,4 glycosidic bonds only so it is straight chained and strong
  • no side chains
30
Q

Define the term “disaccharide”. (F)

A

Two sugar molecules joined together

31
Q

Define the term “polysaccharide”. (F)

A

A polymer made of many sugar molecules joined together

32
Q

Define the term “hexose sugar” and give an example. (F)

A

A monosaccharide composed of 6 carbons i.e. glucose

33
Q

List the differences between alpha-glucose and ribose.

A
  • A is a hexose sugar; R is pentose sugar
  • A is found in starch, cellulose etc.; R is found in RNA and ADP
  • A is used for energy storage; R is used in mRNA coding for proteins
34
Q

State the functions of glucose.

A

Energy release

35
Q

State the functions of glucose.

A

Energy release

36
Q

State the functions of glucose.

A

Energy release

37
Q

State the functions of maltose.

A

Intermediate step in forming starch from glucose in plants

38
Q

State where maltose occurs.

A

Plants

39
Q

State the functions of sucrose.

A

Makes fruit sweet

40
Q

State where sucrose occurs.

A

Fruit

41
Q

State the functions of lactose.

A

Slow energy release for babies

42
Q

State where lactose occurs.

A

Milk

43
Q

State the functions of amylopectin.

A

Energy storage and release

44
Q

State the functions of cellulose.

A
  • make cell walls

- fibre for digestive system

45
Q

State the functions of glycogen.

A

Energy storage and release

46
Q

State the functions of amylose.

A

Energy storage

Biology (23 decks)

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