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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define the term “eukaryotic cell”. (F)

A

Cell with a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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2
Q

Outline the structure of the nucleus. (F)

A
  • contains DNA associated with histone proteins
  • surrounded by nuclear envelope
  • has a nucleolus
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3
Q

Outline the structure of the nucleolus. (F)

A
  • area within nucleus

- made of proteins and RNA

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4
Q

Outline the structure of the nuclear envelope. (F)

A
  • double membrane

- nuclear pores

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5
Q

Outline the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). (F)

A
  • network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae
  • ribosomes
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6
Q

Outline the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). (F)

A
  • network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae
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7
Q

Outline the structure of the Golgi apparatus. (F)

A
  • compact
  • cisternae
  • no ribosomes
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8
Q

Outline the structure of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • made of a large and small subunit
  • made from rRNA
  • 80s
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9
Q

Outline the structure of the mitochondria. (F)

A
  • highly folded double membrane to form cristae
  • interior fluid called matrix
  • enzymes used in aerobic respiration
  • some DNA
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10
Q

Outline the structure of lysosomes. (F)

A
  • vesicle

- contains digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes

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11
Q

Outline the structure of chloroplasts. (F)

A
  • double membrane
  • enclosed fluid called stroma
  • internal membrane network form flattened sacs called thylakoids
  • several thylakoids stacked together called granum (pl. grana) which are joined by lamellae
  • grana contain chlorophyll pigments
  • starch grains
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12
Q

Outline the structure of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells. (F)

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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13
Q

Outline the structure of the centrioles. (F)

A
  • microtubules

- centrosome formed from two associated centrioles

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14
Q

Outline the structure of the cell wall in eukaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • made from cellulose

- freely permeable

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15
Q

Outline the structure of flagella in eukaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • microtubules

- 9 + 2 formation

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16
Q

Outline the structure of the cilia. (F)

A
  • microtubules

- 9 + 2 formation

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17
Q

State 3 similarities between a typical plant and animal cell.

A
  • both have mitochondria
  • both have a nucleus
  • both have a plasma membrane
  • etc.
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18
Q

Describe how different organelles and molecules are involved in the process of protein production and trafficking in a cell. (F)

A

Nucleus: produces mRNA that codes for protein

Ribosome: synthesises protein

RER: packages protein in vesicles in cisternae

Cytoskeleton: transports vesicles

Golgi apparatus: structurally modifies proteins and packages into secretory vesicles

Plasma membrane: fuses with vesicles to release contents by exocytosis

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19
Q

Outline the structure of the 3 components of the cytoskeleton. (F)

A

Microfilaments:

  • contractile fibres
  • formed from actin (protein)

Microtubules:

  • formed from tubulin (protein)
  • scaffold-like structure
  • tubes

Intermediate fibres:
- fibrous

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20
Q

Describe the functions of the cytoskeleton in a cell. (F)

A
  • shape and stability of cell
  • hold organelles in place
  • controls cell movement
  • controls organelle movement
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21
Q

Describe the importance of the cytoskeleton in movements of chromosomes, cilia, flagella and vesicles.

A
  • spindle fibres are made of microtubules, which segregate chromosomes in cell division
  • microtubules make up cilia and flagella and allow them to contract and move
  • microtubules form a scaffold-like structure that acts as tracks for vesicle movement in cells
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22
Q

Define the term “prokaryotic cell”. (F)

A

cell with no true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

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23
Q

List examples of prokaryotic cells.

A
  • staphylococcus

- steptococcus

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24
Q

Outline the structure of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • made from peptidoglycan

- freely permeable

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25
Q

Outline the structure of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • 70s

- large and small subunit

26
Q

Outline the structure of the bacterial flagellum in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • no 9+2 arrangement
  • energy to rotate supplied from chemiosmosis
  • attached to plasma membrane
27
Q

Outline the structure of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A

Phospholipid bilayer

28
Q

Outline the structure of plasmids in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • circular

- small segment of DNA

29
Q

Outline the structure of the bacterial chromosome in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • single molecule of DNA

- no associated histones

30
Q

Outline the structure of the cytoskeleton in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A

Made of different fibres

31
Q

Outline the structure of pili in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • fibre that protrudes from cell surface

- sticky

32
Q

Outline the structure of the slime capsule in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • sticky
  • thick
  • surrounds cell
33
Q

State the similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • both have a cytoskeleton

- both have a cell surface membrane

34
Q

Define the term “ultrastructure”.

A

The features which can be seen by using an electron microscope

35
Q

Outline the function of the nucleus. (F)

A
  • protects DNA
  • DNA directs synthesis of proteins in cell
  • DNA controls metabolic activities of a cell
36
Q

Outline the function of the nucleolus. (F)

A

Produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA) to form ribosomes

37
Q

Outline the function of the nuclear envelope. (F)

A
  • protects DNA from damage in cytoplasm

- allows molecules to move into and out of the nucleus

38
Q

Outline the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). (F)

A

Protein synthesis and transport

39
Q

Outline the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). (F)

A

Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

40
Q

Outline the function of the Golgi apparatus. (F)

A

Modifies and packages proteins into vesicles

41
Q

Outline the function of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells. (F)

A

Site of protein synthesis

42
Q

Outline the function of mitochondria. (F)

A

Produces ATP from aerobic respiration

43
Q

Outline the function of lysosomes. (F)

A

Breaks down waste material in cells

44
Q

Outline the function of chloroplasts. (F)

A

Site of photosynthesis

45
Q

Outline the function of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells. (F)

A

Allows molecules to move into and out of the cell

46
Q

Outline the function of centrioles. (F)

A

Assemble and organisation of spindle fibres during cell division

47
Q

Outline the function of the cell wall in eukaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • substances can pass into and out of cell
  • give cell shape
  • supports cell
  • defence mechanism
48
Q

Outline the function of flagella in eukaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • cell motility

- sometimes for sensing chemical changes

49
Q

Outline the function of cilia. (F)

A
  • mobile or stationary

- cause fluids or objects adjacent to the cell to move

50
Q

State 3 differences between a typical plant and animal cell.

A
  • A have centrioles, P don’t
  • P have chloroplasts, A don’t
  • P have a cell wall, A don’t
  • etc.
51
Q

List examples of eukaryotic cells.

A
  • skin cells
  • cheek cells
  • mesophyll cells
52
Q

Outline the function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A

Allows for molecules to go in and out of the cell

53
Q

Outline the function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A

Site of protein synthesis

54
Q

Outline the function of the bacterial flagellum in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A

Movement of the cell

55
Q

Outline the function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A

Allows molecules to move into and out of the cell.

56
Q

Outline the function of plasmids in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A

Can be shared across different bacteria for evolution

57
Q

Outline the function of the bacterial chromosome in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • directs protein synthesis

- directs metabolic activities within the cell

58
Q

Outline the function of the cytoskeleton in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • cell shape
  • organelle position
  • organelle movement
59
Q

Outline the function of the pili in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A

Allow cells to stick together or to a surface

60
Q

Outline the function of the slime capsule in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A

Protection

61
Q

State the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • E has a nucleus, P doesn’t
  • E has linear DNA, P has circular DNA
  • DNA in E associates with histones, DNA in P is folded and condensed with proteins
  • E has extra DNA in specific organelles, P has extra DNA in plasmids
  • E has membrane-bound organelles, P has non membrane-bound organelles
  • E has a cellulose/chitin cell wall, P has a peptidoglycan cell wall
  • E has 80s ribosomes, P has 70s ribosomes

Biology (23 decks)

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