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summer biochemistry jonklaas > nucleic acids > Flashcards

nucleic acids Flashcards

test 2

1
Q

what are the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases

A

cytosine, thymine and uracil

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2
Q

what are the purine bases

A

adenine and guanine

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3
Q

what are the common base tautomeric forms

A

lactam (keto) form

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4
Q

what are the rare base tautomeric forms

A

lactim (enol)

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5
Q

what does a tautomeric shift mean

A

spontaneous rearragment of the positoins of protons and electrons within a molecule

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6
Q

what is a nucleoside

A

nitrogenous base+ sugar

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7
Q

what is the sugar in a nucleoside

A

D-ribose or 2’-deoxy D ribose

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8
Q

how is the base connected in a nucleoside

A

Beta- N glycosidic bond on the 1 carbon

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9
Q

what is a nucleoTIDE

A

nucleoside + phosphate
- phospheric acid is exterified with an OH of the monosacc. mostly on the 3’ or 5’-OH

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10
Q

what is 3’-5’ cylcic adenosine monosphosphate

A
  • derived from ATP
  • cAMP is used in signal transduction as an important second messenger
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11
Q

what is this

A

cyclic adenosone monosphosphate

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12
Q

DNA has deoxy ribose and what bases

A

AGCT

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13
Q

What bases does ribose have

A

AGCU

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14
Q

what is the nucleoside for the base Adenine

A

adenosine

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15
Q

what is the nucleoside for the base cytosine

A

cytidine

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16
Q

what is the nucleoside for base thymine

A

doexythimidine = thymidine

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17
Q

what is considered the energy currency of the cell

A

ATP

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18
Q

many antivirals are what analogs

A

nucleoside/nucleotide

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19
Q

what is zidovudine

A

nucleoside analong reverse transciptase inhibtor

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20
Q

zidovudine is a [blank] analog

A

nucleoside

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21
Q

what is this image of

A

zidovuine

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22
Q

what is emtricitabine

A

used for treatment of HIV infection in adults and treat meant

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23
Q

emtricitabine is a [blank] analog

A

blank

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24
Q

what is this image of

A

emtricitiabine

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25
Q

what contains minor bases

A

rna specifically tRNA

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26
Q

what are minor bases in dna

A

methylated forms of major bases
protect genetic informaiton

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27
Q

name 3 types of xanthines

A

hyoxanthine
inosine (hypoxanthine + ribose)
xanthine

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28
Q

where is inosine found

A

in tRNA essenstial for wobble base pairs

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29
Q

how are nucleid acids or polynicleotides joined together

A

phosphodiester linkages

30
Q

what is the primary structure or the sequence

A

read from 5’to 3’ end

31
Q

how many OHs are in rna

A

2

32
Q

how many Hs are in dna

A

2

33
Q

what is RNAs problem

A

stability

34
Q

why is Dna more stable than RNA

A

no 2-oH

35
Q

Rna is susceptible to what

A

base catalyzed hydrolysis

36
Q

what are chargaffs rules

A

G=c. A=T

36
Q

who explained the base rations

A

erwin chargaff

37
Q

what image is this

A

guanine matiching with cytosine

38
Q

what image is this

A

adenine mathcing with thymine

39
Q

replication is based on what

A

complementarity

40
Q

what image is this explaning

A

the central dogma of molecular biolody

41
Q

what are some characteristics of B DNA structure

A
  • right handed helix
  • perpendicular to the helix
  • wide and deep major groove
  • narrow and deep minor groove
  • phosphate backones
42
Q

what pitch does B DNA structure have

A

pitch = 10 bases per turn so 34 angstrons

43
Q

what is the helix rise per base for B dna structure

A

3.4 angstrons

44
Q

is dna antiparallel

A

yes

45
Q

what is this image

A

syn- adenosine and anti adenosine

46
Q

what structure is this

A

A-dna

47
Q

what structure is this

A

b dna

48
Q

what structure is this

A

z dna

49
Q

helical B is what orientation

A

right handed

50
Q

helical Z dna is what hand

A

left handed

51
Q

what are telomeres

A

ends of linear chromosomes

52
Q

what type of dna does telomere have

A

tetraplex or quaduplex dna

53
Q

characteristics of the rna strucutre

A
  • single stranded
  • wound back double helical regions that assume type A helix
54
Q

what enzymes affect dna superstructures

A

toposisomerases, type 1, type 2

55
Q

what is topoisomerase

A

relax supercoils in dna by causing a tansient nick that is sealed

56
Q

what us Type 1 enzyme

A

supercoils by breaking only 1 strand ssDNA break

57
Q

type 2 enzyme

A

relax or supercoils by breaking both strands dsDNA

58
Q

what inhibitorsa are widely used anticancer and antibacterial agents

A

topoisomerase

59
Q

what are bacterial plasmids

A

separate small circular moleculs that carry genes

60
Q

dna packaging in prokaryotes

A
  • circular dna bound to basic proteins to give bacterial chromosomes in the nucleoid
61
Q

characteristics of dna packing in eukaryptes

A
  • dna packages as chromatin
  • coilded around histone octamer
  • nucleosomes look like beads on a string
  • 1.8 turns
62
Q

what are the name of the histones

A

H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

62
Q

what are histones

A

small proteins rich in basic amino acids lysine and argine whose side chains have +’ve charge

63
Q

what charge is dna

A

-ve

63
Q

what is number of the last histone

A

H1

64
Q

what is alkylation

A

causes dna mismatch mutations that lead to cancer

64
Q

what is used for forensic analysis when nuclear dna is too degraded

A

mitochondiral and chloroplast dna

64
Q

uv irridation induced dna damage example

A

thymine dimers (cyclobutyl dimers)

65
Q

since alkylating agents can cause to cancer what are they called

A

carinogenic

66
Q

what is an example of an alkylating agents

A

mustard gas or nitrogen gas

67
Q

what is the compound from food that is curred with NaO2 that causes dna mismatch mutations that lead to cancer

A

HNO2

summer biochemistry jonklaas (14 decks)

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