intro to biochemistry Flashcards
what functional group is this
amine
what functional group is this
alcohol
what functional group is this
thiol
what functional group is this
ether
what functional group is this
aldehyde
what functional group is this
ketone
what functional group is this
carboxyulic acid
what is a condensation reaction
remove water to join functional groups
hydrolysis reaction
add water to break apart functional groups
what does carboxylic acid + alcohol produce
ester + water
what does carboxy. acid = amine produce
amide + water
what does carboxylic acid + thiol produce
thioester + water
what is acyl group
group derived from a carboxylic acid by the removal of OH
what does carboxylic acid + carboxylic acid =
acid anhydride + water
carboxylix acid + phosphoric aid
mixed anhydide + water
phosphoric acid + phosphoric acid =
phpspanhydride + water
what do anhydrides contain
stored chemical energy
recognize adenosine triphosphate and the anhydride
phosphoric acid + alcohol =
phosphoester
phosphoric acid + alcohol =
phosphodiester
compared to anhydrides, phosphoesters are what
“low energy” bonds
what elements are in 99% of mass of most cells
CHON
what are bulk elements
P and S
what were the four steps of prebiotic(chemical evolution)
creating monomers
making polymers
making self-replicating systems
making life
what was the experiemtn of urey and S miller
demonstration of abiotic formation of organic compounds
who proposed monomers are the building blocls
oparin and haldane
what did urey and miller have a mixture of
NH3 CH4 H2O gas and H2 at 80 degrees celcius
what amino acids did urey and miller exp. have
glycine
alanine
glutamic acid
asparatic acid
dna replicates through what
compementarity
what relationship do complex moleculds and chemical versatility have
increase in complex molecules= increase in versatility
what is complentarity
specific pairing of functional groups
what does complemntarity allow
macromolecules to replicate
who proposed Rna world
woese crick and orgel
what was RNA world theory
-hypothesis accepted but not proven
rna capable of carrying genetic informaton and catalysis
who discovered the first rna enzyme(ribozyme)
thomas cech
what are some concerns with prebiotic evolution
- low conc of building blocks
- hydrolysis favore
- unstable at high temp
- do not replicate
what are the problems with chemical evolution
-chiral center made in lab = racemic mixture
- AA produced in urey were racemic
-proteins are L amino acids = homochirality
50:50 mix
- earth atmosphre was never as reducing as urey and miller experiment
- amino acids + nitrogen might have been formed in deep sea
phylogeny is based on what
taxonomy- the way something looks
who discovered the third superkingdom Archae
carl woese
who used a phylogeny using ribosomal rna sequences as an evolutionary measure
carl woese
prokaryotic description
- single plasma membrane
- no nucleus
-small in size (1-10 um) - fission or budding
-absorption - no organellles
eukaryotic desription
large
complex
nucleus with many organelles
who came up with the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria
lynn margulis
what is the endosymbiotic theory
mitochondria originated from a symbiotic relationship between early euk. cells and ancestral bacteria
