Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > nucleic acids > Flashcards

nucleic acids Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the structure of nucleotides

A

pentose sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous base
joined by phosphodiester bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nucleotides form the monomers of what?

A

Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the pentose sugar in DNA and RNA

A

deoxyribose and ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name for a nucleotide with more than one phosphate group

A

phosphorylated nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a phosphorylated nucleotide?

A

A nucleotide with more than one phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give an example of a phosphorylated nucleotide

A

ATP adenosine triphosphate (also adp and amp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nucleotides may be components of many _______

A

coenzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

adenosine diphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is ATP?

A

energy rich end product of most energy-releasing biochemical processes, drives energy requiring metabolic processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the functions of nucleotides?

A
  • monomers of nucleic acids
  • can become phosphorylated nucleotides
  • regulate many metabolic pathways
  • components of many enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is NADP?

A

coenzyme, contains adenine nucleotides, used in photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is NAD?

A

coenzyme containing adenine nucleotides, used in respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is FAD?

A

coenzyme containing adenine nucleotides used in respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is coenzyme A?

A

coenzyme containing adenine nucleotide, used in respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is DNA?

A

genetic material used in development and functioning of all organisms;
macromolecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

two polynucleotide strands run antiparallel,
forming double helix
strands held together by hydrogen bonds through complementary base pairing between nitrogen bases (adenine, guanine, thymine or cytosine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a polymer made of nucleotides called

A

a polynucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which nucleotide bases are purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which nucleotide bases are pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are phosphodiester bonds?

A

covalent bond between pentose sugar and phosphate group in a nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are the two DNA strands held together?

A

hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How many bonds connect adenine and thymine?

A

two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which bonds connect nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many bonds connect cytosine and guanine

A

three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the name for shape of DNA molecule?

A

double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is DNA double helix shaped?

A

for stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the difference between purine and pyrimidines?

A

purines have two rings, pyrimidines have three rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe meaning of 5’ and 3’ and how they describe the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA

A

5’ where phosphate attached to 5th carbon of deoxyribose;
3’ where phosphate attached to 3rd carbon;
two polynucleotide strands run in opposite directions, 5 to 3 and 3 to 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How is DNA organised in eukaryotic cells?

A

genome stored in the nucleus as chromosomes;
small loop in self-replicating mitochondria and chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe structure of chromosomes

A

DNA/chromatin wound around histone protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does DNA in mitochondria/chloroplasts differ to DNA in the nucleus?

A

nucleus DNA wound around histone proteins, other DNA is not

32
Q

How is DNA organised in prokaryotic cells and viruses?

A

found as loop of ‘naked’ DNA in cytoplasm

33
Q

How and when does DNA replication occur?

A

occurs when cells divide during interphase

34
Q

What type of process is DNA replication?

A

semi-conservative

35
Q

Outline process of DNA replication without naming enzymes

A
  • double helix unwinds
  • hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases break
  • strands used as templates and complimentary base pairing
  • occurs between template strands and free nucleotides
    -adjacent nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds formed in condensation reactions
36
Q

Outline process of DNA replication and state enzymes which catalyse each step

A
  • DNA unzips using (DNA helicase) breaking hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs
  • strands are used as templates and complimentary base pairing between template strand and free nucleotides
  • adjacent nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds using (DNA Polymerase)
    in 5 to 3 direction
37
Q

How do DNA loops in prokaryotes/mitochondria/chloroplasts replicate?

A

semi-conservatively: bubble sprouts from loop, unwinds and unzips. complementary nucleotides join exposed bases, eventually whole loop copied

38
Q

How are phosphodiester bonds formed during replication?

A

hydrolysis of free phosphorylated bases releases energy and phosphate groups used to form bonds

39
Q

In what directions are free bases bonded to exposed DNA during replication?

A

5’ to 3’

40
Q

How are strands replicated in DNA replication?

A

leading strand continuously, lagging strand in fragments

41
Q

Which enzymes catalyses the joining of fragments of replicated DNA?

A

ligase

42
Q

Which enzyme catalyses unwinding of DNA?

A

gyrase

43
Q

Which enzyme catalyses unzipping of DNA?

A

DNA helicase

44
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the joining of free phosphorylated nucleotide bases to exposed DNA bases?

A

DNA polymerase

45
Q

What is the product of DNA replication?

A

two DNA molecules, each made of one new strand and one old

46
Q

Example of mutation which could occur during DNA replication

A

wrong nucleotide inserted, point mutation

47
Q

How are mutations prevented during DNA replication?

A

enzymes proofread and edit out incorrect nucleotides

48
Q

What are different versions of a gene called?

A

alleles

49
Q

How are alleles formed?

A

by mutation

50
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A
  • sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose
  • uracil replaces thymine
  • single-stranded
  • shorter
  • three forms: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
51
Q

State three forms of RNA

A

messenger, ribosomal and transfer

52
Q

Four examples of specific protein shape

A
  • enzyme complementary to substrate;
  • antibodies complementary to pathogen antigens;
  • receptors complementary to cell-signalling molecules;
  • channel proteins hydrophilic insides and lipophilic outside, fit specific molecules
53
Q

Three main features of the genetic code

A

universal, degenerate, non-overlapping

54
Q

What does universal mean?

A

same base triplets code for same amino acids in every organism

55
Q

What does degenerate mean?

A

more than one codon can code for the same amino acid

56
Q

What does non-overlapping mean?

A

bases read in threes, no crossover

57
Q

Outline the process of transcription without stating enzymes

A
  • hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases break
  • gene uncoil
  • temporary hydrogen bonding of RNA nucleotides and unpaired DNA bases on ‘template’ (antisense) strand
  • coding strand produced
  • copy that is complimentary to template strand
  • mRNA formed from adjacent nucleotides
  • joined by phosphodiester bonds
  • mRNA moved out of nucleus through a pore
  • attaches to ribosome
  • next translation
58
Q

Outline the process of transcription stating enzymes

A
  • hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases break
  • gene uncoils
  • (RNA polymerase) catalyses temporary hydrogen bonding of RNA nucleotides and unpaired DNA bases on ‘template’ (antisense) strand
    using (DNA helicase)
    coding strand produced
  • copy that is complimentary to template strand
  • mRNA formed from adjacent nucleotides
  • joined by phosphodiester bonds
  • mRNA moved out of nucleus through a pore
  • attaches to ribosome
  • next translation
59
Q

Describe structure of ribosomes

A

two separate subunits made in nucleus, magnesium ions help bind them in cytoplasm, made protein and ribosomal RNA

60
Q

Which ion helps ribosomal subunits bind?

A

magnesium ions

61
Q

Describe the structure of a transfer RNA molecule (3)

A

single stranded, hairpin shape;
one end trio nucleotides recognise and bind to amino acids;
at loop another triplet (anticodon) attaches to codons on the RNA

62
Q

What is a codon?

A

three nucleotide sequence codes for amino acid on mRNA

63
Q

what is an anticodon?

A

on tRNA attaches to corresponding codon on mRNA during translation to create amino acid chain

64
Q

outline the process of translation at a ribosome

A
  • anticodon tRNA molecules bind by temporary hydrogen bonds
  • to complimentary codon on mRNA molecule
  • ribosome moves along mRNA
  • joins 2 amino acids by peptide bonds
  • ATP needed for polypeptide synthesis
  • polypeptide assembles
    mRNA breaks down
  • components recycled
  • new polypeptide is formed by chaperone proteins
  • help fold into tertiary structure
65
Q

How do amino acids join to form a chain?

A

by polypeptide bonds during translation

66
Q

Which proteins help fold amino acid chain?

A

chaperone proteins

67
Q

What happens to mRNA after translation?

A

breaks down and can be recycled

68
Q

How do anticodons bind to codons during translation?

A

by hydrogen bonds

69
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the bonding of RNA bases to exposed DNA bases in transcription

A

RNA polymerase

70
Q

Which enzymes catalyses the joining of fragments of replicated DNA?

A

ligase

71
Q

Which enzyme catalyses unwinding of DNA?

A

gyrase

72
Q

Which enzyme catalyses unzipping of DNA?

A

DNA helicase

73
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the joining of free phosphorylated nucleotide bases to exposed DNA bases?

A

DNA polymerase

74
Q

What is the product of DNA replication?

A

two DNA molecules, each made of one new strand and one old

75
Q

Example of mutation which could occur during DNA replication

A

wrong nucleotide inserted, point mutation

76
Q

How are mutations prevented during DNA replication?

A

enzymes proofread and edit out incorrect nucleotides

77
Q

What are different versions of a gene called?

A

alleles

78
Q

How are alleles formed?

A

by mutation

Biology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions