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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why is water a polar molecule?

A
  • uneven distribution of charge within molecule
  • hydrogen atoms are more positive than oxygen atom
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2
Q

what are properties of water that help living organisms?

A
  • high heat capacity
  • minimises temperature fluctuations in living things
  • acts as a buffer
  • high latent heat of vaporisation provides cooling effect
  • water is incompressible so provides good support
  • ice less dense than water creating an insulating layer
    -cohesion
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3
Q

list properties of water

A
  • strong cohesion
  • high latent heat of vaporisation
  • high heat specific capacity
  • solvent
  • incompressible
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4
Q

what is a monomer?

A

small units of larger molecules

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5
Q

Example of monomers

A
  • nucleotides
  • monosaccharides (glucose)
  • amino acids
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6
Q

what are polymers

A
  • molecules made from monomers joined together
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7
Q

what is condensation reaction?

A
  • joins monomers by chemical bonds
  • involves elimination of water molecule
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8
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A
  • water added to break chemical bond between 2 molecules
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9
Q

what are the components of carbohydrates?

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

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10
Q

what are carbohydrates

A

long chains of sugar called saccharides

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11
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

monomers joined together by glycosidic bonds
formed in condensation reactions

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12
Q

what is glucose?

A

a monosaccharide contain six carbon atoms in each molecule

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13
Q

glucose is the main substrate for

A

respiration

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14
Q

what are two isomers of glucose

A

alpha glucose
beta glucose

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15
Q

2 glucose molecules make

A

maltose

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16
Q

glucose and fructose makes

A

sucrose

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17
Q

glucose and galactose makes

A

lactose

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18
Q

what are polysaccharides

A
  • many glucose units joining together
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19
Q

example of polysaccharides

A

glycogen
starch
cellulose

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20
Q

what is a glycosidic bond

A

A condensation reaction between two monosaccharides forms a glycosidic bond.

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21
Q

why is glycogen a good energy source

A
  • large number of side branches
  • meant that glucose and energy can be released quickly
  • large and compact maximising energy storage
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22
Q

How is glycogen formed

A

alpha glucose molecules joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

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23
Q

How is starch formed

A
  • mixture of amylose and amylopectin
24
Q

what makes amylose a good energy source?

A
  • unbranched chain and joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • making it coiled and compact
  • so can store a lot of energy
25
Q

how is amylopectin formed?

A
  • glucose molecules joined by 1.4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
26
Q

what is cellulose?

A
  • component of cell walls
  • composed of long unbranched chains of beta glucose
  • joined by glycosidic bond
26
Q

what makes amylopectin a good energy source?

A
  • has many side branches
  • rapidly digested by enzymes
  • so energy released quickly
27
Q

what are microfibrils?

A
  • strong threads made up of long cellulose chains
  • joined by hydrogen bonds
  • provides structural support in plant cells
28
Q

what are lipids?

A
  • molecules only soluble in organic solvents e.g alcohols
29
Q

what are the two types of lipids

A
  • saturated
    -unsaturated
30
Q

saturated lipids

A
  • found in animal fats
  • does not contain carbon-carbon double bonds
31
Q

unsaturated lipids

A
  • found in plants
  • contains carbon- carbon double bonds
32
Q

why are unsaturated lipids liquid at room temp?

A
  • double bonds weakens intermolecular bonds
  • causing lower melting point
33
Q

why are saturated fats solid at room temperature

A
  • does not contain any double bonds
  • so has higher melting point
34
Q

what is the composition of triglycerides?

A
  • one molecule of glycerol
  • three fatty acids
35
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A
  • ester bonds formed in condensation reaction (esterification)
36
Q

what are triglycerides used for?

A
  • energy reserves in plant and animal cells
37
Q

what is the composition of phospholipids?

A
  • one molecule of glycerol
  • one of the three fatty acids substituted by phosphate group
38
Q

what are micelles?

A
  • molecules formed when phospholipids interact with water
39
Q

position of phospholipids

A

heads on outside
tails inside

40
Q

what is the composition of proteins?

A
  • amino acids, that contain an amino group NH2, carboxylic acid and variable R group
41
Q

How are proteins formed?

A
  • joined by peptide bonds formed in condensation reactions.
42
Q

what is a dipeptide?

A
  • contains two amino acids
43
Q

what is polypeptide

A
  • contains three or more amino acids
44
Q

what is the primary structure of proteins?

A
  • the order and number of amino acids in a protein
45
Q

what is the secondary structure of proteins

A
  • shape that the chain of amino acids take
    – can be pleated beta sheet or alpha helix
  • shape is determined by hydrogen bonding
46
Q

what is the tertiary structure of proteins?

A
  • proteins in 3D shape
  • can be globular or fibrous
  • globular - compact
  • fibrous - long make fibres
47
Q

what is collagen

A
  • fibrous protein
  • strong due to presence of hydrogen and covalent bonds
  • structure of bones , cartilage and connective tissue
    -main component of tendons
48
Q

collagen molecules

A

wrap around each other to make fibrils witch form string collagen fibres

49
Q

what is haemoglobin

A
  • globular protein
  • water soluble
  • contains 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains
  • contains haem group
  • carries oxygen to blood as oxygen can bind to haem group and release energy when needed
50
Q

what are inorganic ions

A
  • occurs in solution of the cytoplasm and body fluid.
51
Q

list names of essential ions

A
  • hydrogen, iron , sodium, phosphate
52
Q

hydrogen ions

A
  • determines pH of substances e.g blood
  • higher concentration of hydrogen ions, the lower the pH
53
Q

iron ions

A

component of haemoglobin

54
Q

sodium ions

A

co transport of glucose and amino acids

55
Q

phosphate ions

A

component of DNA and ATP

Biology (18 decks)

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