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1918-1924 weimar germany Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the kaiser abdicate?

A

November 1918

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2
Q

why did the kaiser abdicate?

A
  • he had lost support from the army
  • told by general groener
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3
Q

when was the armistice?

A

November 1918

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4
Q

what was the armistice?

A

a peace settlement for a peace treaty to be negotiated

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5
Q

what was president wilson’s fourteen

A
  • provided basis for a negiotiated peace settlement
  • points like return alsce- lorriane to france hrash to germany
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6
Q

when was Wilsons fourteen points

A

September 1918

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7
Q

what happened during October 1918?

A
  • reforms to end germany’s former autocratic rule into a democratic government
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8
Q

Give example of the October 1918 reforms?

A

the armed forces were under control of the republic

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

what was the peace note?

A

prince max wrote to president wilson asking for armistice
- wilson demand that germany must leave alll occupied territory and fully democratise political system

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11
Q

what was the impact of the peace note 1918

A
  • significantly decreased morale becuase it showed germanh had lost the war
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12
Q

what was the November 3rd revolution of 1918

A
  • mutiny of the navy and civilians that started in Keil but spread to the city
  • followed by workers and soldiers councils established
  • govt tried meet their demands but failed so spread to more cities
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13
Q

what was the impact of the November 3rd revolution 1918

A
  • caused the collapse of the regime becuase authroity of military offcierrs and police weakeened
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14
Q

what was the revolution on 9 November 1918

A
  • The SPD led workers in berlin for a genereal strike so the kasier could abdicate
  • threatening to withdraw support from prince maxi’s government
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15
Q

what was the outcome of the 9 November 1918 strike

A
  • Friedrich Ebert (leader of SPD) announcing Germany as a republic
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16
Q

what was the Ebert - Groener contract?

A
  • alliance between general Groener and Ebert which gave Ebert military support
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17
Q

How were the constitution established in 1919

A
  • constituent assembly held
  • The SPD had majority
  • Ebert president
  • coalition govt led by Philipp scheidemann
  • majority SPD with centre and German democratic parties
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18
Q

what were the strengths of the Weimar constitution?

A
  • proportional representation allowed small parties to win seats in Reichstag
  • women gaining equal rights to men by allowing them to vote
  • the constitution gave individuals rights through the fundamental right and duties of germen citiens’’ e.g all german citizens equal befoe the law.
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19
Q

what were weaknesses of the constitution?

A
  • coalition governments because
    of proliferation of small parties
    that were
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20
Q

what did article 48 do

A
  • gave president power to rule by decree without needing to consult Reichstag in special circumstances
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21
Q

How many times to president Ebert use presidential decree

A

on 136 occasions

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22
Q

what was the public impact of the treaty of Versailles?

A
  • German people in disbelief due to German propaganda presenting that to the public that Germany was winning the war
  • resentment because of harsh terms of the treaty
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23
Q

what were the specific reasons of the resentment against the treaty of Versailles (TOV)?

A
  • '’war guilt cause’’
  • reparations
  • Wilson’s fourteen points
  • allied occupation of parts of western Germany
  • French control on mines
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24
Q

What were the major reasons against the Treaty of Versailles

A
  • reparations
  • Wilson’s fourteen points
  • war guilt clause
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25
Q

Explain why reparations was a major cause against reparations

A
  • reparations: Germans felt the level was too high and would cripple Germanys economy
    and didn’t accept ‘‘war guilt cuase’’ that justified it
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26
Q

Explain why ‘‘war guilt clause’’ was a major cause against reparations

A
  • war guilt clause made Germany responsible for starting a war but the German public saw this as humiliation because they believed they were forced into war against the allies.
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27
Q

Explain why Wilson’s fourteen points was a major cause against reparations

A
  • national self determination denied to Germans because German people living in non-German states like e.g Poland
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28
Q

Explain why disarming of the army and exclusion of league of nations cause against reparations

A
  • seen as an unjust discrimination against a ‘‘once-powerful’’ nation
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29
Q
A
  • the majority of the Reichstag and SPD members believe they had no other choice but sign the treaty
  • Scheidemann (prime minister) anted to reject treaty
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30
Q

How did TOV impact pro republican parties

A

-policy of fulfilment: viewed that they should comply with the terms of the treaty and negotiate terms - SPD
- alienated moderates that accepted new constitution but disapproved of politicians that ‘betrayed’ the all powerful germany

31
Q

How did the TOV impact the right?

A
  • German nationalists could not accept Germany’s defeat or new republic
  • November criminals which were extreme nationalists which saw Germany as betraying the ‘fatherland’’ due to TOV and abdication of the kaiser and government lacked legitimacy
  • actions called the ‘‘stab in the back’ myth
32
Q

What were the terms of the treaty of Versailles (TOV)

A
  • reparaations that cost germany £6.6 billion due to war guilt clause blaming them for the war
  • disarment of germany army and limited to 100,000 men
  • terriotorial losses: removed over 70,000 km of german territory and colonies e.g Alsace-Lorraine to France
  • demilitarused the rhineland
  • exclusion of the league of nations
33
Q

when was the TOV

A

1919

34
Q

What culminated the hyperinflation crisis of 1923?

A

the ruhr crisis

35
Q

what caused the ruhr crisis?

A
  • Germany being behind in reparation payments to France in the form of coal
36
Q

what happened in the Ruhr crisis?

A
  • the French with Belgians of 60,000 men went occupy the ruhr
    -aimed to steal the Ruhr coal, steel and manufactured good as reparations
  • took control of mines, factories , steelworks and railways
    -govt of chancellor Wilhelm Cuno
    stopped reperation payments and orddred ‘‘passive resistance’’
  • promsiing wages to workers and paramilitary groups organising acts of sabotage against the french
37
Q

what was the consequence of the Ruhr crisis

A

French occupation grew worse as they punished people who did not comply using military courts
1922- output of the ruhr fallen to fifth of pre-occupation output

38
Q

what were the economic impact of the ruhur crisis?

A
  • shortage of goods made prices go up higher
  • paying wages/goods for striking workers drsined governemnt finances
  • tax revenue lost from businesses closing and unemplyed workers
39
Q

why did the invasion of the Ruhr cause the hyperinflation crisis 1923?

A
  • combined economic effects of invasion caused double annual reparation so had to print more money because they could not raise taxes
40
Q

what caused the reform of social warfare from 1919-1922

A
  • one of the rights of constitution was German citizens having access to welfare
  • people needing support due to death or injury during the war
41
Q

what was the downside of the reform of social warfare during 1919-1922

A
  • exacerbated hyperinflation crisis of 1923
42
Q

laws that reformed social warfare 1919

A
  • law passed limiting working hours to 8 hours max
    -the state health insurance system extened to wives, dauthers and disabled originally meant for workers
  • aid for water verterans due to injury
43
Q

laws that reformed social warfare 1922

A

National Youth Welfare Act
- local authorities set up youth offices that created child protection and children right to education

44
Q

Who were the winners during hyperinflation?

A

farmers
black marketeers
debt owners

45
Q

explain why - winners during hyperinflation

A

farmers because food was in demand
debt owners because they could pay off the money they owed with worthless currency

46
Q

who wrere the losers during hyperinflation

A

People relying on savings, fixed income or welfare support from government
examples:
pensioners
the middle stand

47
Q

explain why (losers in hyperinflation)

A

middle stand-
disproportionate share of taxes
charge of costs and prices could not keep up with inflation

48
Q

Political instability and extremism 1919-1924

A
49
Q

when was the sparticist uprising

A

January 1919

50
Q

who was the spartcist upring led by?

A

Rosa Luxemburg
Karl Liebknecht

51
Q

what was the sparitict uprising

A
  • armed uprising in berlin to overthrow eberts government
  • for a communist revolution
52
Q

why did the sparicist upring fail

A
  • poorly supported because they did not get majority support from the working classs in berlin
  • poorly prepared
53
Q

why did the right wind pose a threat to the weimar republic?

A
  • right wing ideas strong within the freikorps and the army
54
Q

when was the kapps putsch

A

1920

55
Q

what was the kapps putsch

A
  • Walther von Luttwitz marched his troops to protest against the disbandment of freikorps due to TOV by Gustav Noske
  • supported by Wolfgang Kapp making it a putsch
56
Q

what was the outcome of the kapps putsch

A
  • Ebert’s government forced to withdraw to Dresden
  • called on regular army to crush uprising
57
Q

Why did the kapps putsch fail?

A
  • failed to gain widespread support because of tension between the army and civilians
58
Q

What did these uprising show about the Weimar constitution

A
  • weimar government was weak becuasse it relied on military support
59
Q

why were there politcal assitsinations of the right wing after the putsch

A
  • right wing nationalists wanting to eliminate politicians associated with the ‘betrayal of Germany
60
Q

Example of political assassinations

A
  • assassination of Matthias Erzberger
  • assassination of Walther Rathenau
61
Q

what was the outcome of the munich putsch

A
62
Q

Explain Matthias erzberger assassination and why it was important

A
  • assassinated by Organisation Consul
  • crime was Germanys representative on reparations committee
  • signed the TOV
63
Q

what is organisation consul?

A
  • untra- nationalists paramilitary group of ex freikorps
  • after being disbanded from failed kapps putsch
64
Q

Explain Walther Rathenau assassination and why it was important

A
  • assassinated by organisation consul
  • crime was participated in signing the armistice and negotiated the TOV
  • popular public figure so caused 700,000 protestors in berlin
65
Q

What was the Law of ‘for the protection of the Republic’

A
  • imposed severe penalties on those involved to conspiracy to murder
  • banned extremist organisations
66
Q

When was the law ‘for the protection of the Republic’

A

July 1922

67
Q

why was it not effective

A
  • organisation consul forced to disband but judges were right wing sympathisers
68
Q

what was the political impact of the ruhr

A
69
Q

when was the Munich putsch

A

Nov 1923

70
Q

what happened during the munich putsch ?

A
  • Hitler with ludendroff’s support bursted into the munich beer hall surrounded by stormtroopers
  • announced revolution
  • persuaded kahr and von lossow at gun point to march on berlin and install luderdorfff as commander-in-chief
71
Q

Why did the munich putsch fail

A
  • lost support overnight
  • stormtroopers did not gain control of munich army batrracks
72
Q

what was the outcome of the munich putsch

A
  • hitler went ahead with a march thhrough munich
  • gun battle with police
  • hitler captured and ludendorfff gave himself up to police
73
Q

what did the putsch show?

A
  • the weimar’s constitution reliance on the army to be politically stable

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