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IB BIOLOGY > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA

A

A nucleic acid

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2
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

Chains of repating monomers called nucleotides

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3
Q

How do Nucleotides form a nucleic acid polymer

A

by a condensation reaction called polymerisation

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4
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids in living organisms

A

DNA - (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acids)

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5
Q

What are the three components of a nucleotide

A
  • A phosphate
  • A sugar
  • A base
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6
Q

What is a pentose sugar

A

a simple sugar made up of five carbon atoms

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7
Q

What is a base

A

a molecule that contains nitrogen and acts as a base

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8
Q

What is a phosphate

A

a functional group made up of phosphorus and oxygen

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9
Q

How do nucleotide units link together

A

covalent bond

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10
Q

Name the five bases

A

Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine
Uracil

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11
Q

What are the two types of bases

A

Purines (two rings in their structure)
Pyrimidines (one ring in their structure )

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12
Q

What bases are example of Pyrimidines

A

Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil

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13
Q

What bases are examples of Purines

A

Adenine
Guanine

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14
Q

what does the sequences of bases form

A

genetic code

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15
Q

What is the pentose sugar in DNA and RNA called

A

deoxyribose
ribose

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16
Q

How are the two strands linked in DNA

A

by complementary base pairing

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17
Q

Why is base pairing important

A

to stabilise the double helix structure

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18
Q

What bond is held between the two strands

A

hydrogen

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19
Q

What bonds bond the bases

A

hydrogen

20
Q

Explain gene expressions

A

the process by which the genetic code in the DNA is translated into a protein

21
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

22
Q

What are nucleotides

A

building blocks of nucleus acid

23
Q

viruses are not

A

living organisms

24
Q

What are nucleotides made up of

A

pentose sugar (pentagon ) , phosphate (circle) and base (rectangle)

25
Q

What is the pentose sugar molecule called in RNa

A

ribose

26
Q

What is connected in the pentagon

A

4 carbons
1 oxygen on top

27
Q

What is the chemical symbol for a phosphate

A

PO4 3-

28
Q

What is the backbone of DNA mad RNa

A

repeating phosphate and sugar bonds

29
Q

What is the order of bases

A

the genetic code

30
Q

The two strands of the DNA molecule are always

A

parallel
in opposite directions

31
Q

What bonds connect the bases

A

hydrogen

32
Q

What is the difference between strands of Rna And Dna

A

DNA has two strands
RNA has one strand

33
Q

What bases does RNA have

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

34
Q

What is RNA

A

A nucleic acid polymer formed by the condensation of nucleotide monomers

35
Q

How many bonds does Adenine pair with Thymine

A

two hydrogen bonds

36
Q

How many bonds does Guanine pair with Cytosine

A

three hydrogen bonds

37
Q

benefits of dna

A

high base sequence diversity
limits storage capacity

38
Q

What type of bond is formed between a pentose sugar and phosphate

A

covalent

39
Q

Identity a similarity between DNA and RNA

A

covalent bonds between adjacent nucleotides

40
Q

What is the process in which the genetic code is translated into a protein

A

gene expression

41
Q

What does dna replication and gene expression have in common

A

complementary base pairing

42
Q

ATP is a type of nucleotide
distinguish between ATP and DNA

A

ATP contains 3 phosphate groups , DNA only one
ATP only has adenine for a base whereas DNA can contain A, T,C and G
ATP has ribose DNA has deoxyribose
ATP stores energy DNA transmits genetic information
ATP found throughout the cell DNA found in nucleus

43
Q

Outline the role of different types of RNA involved in translation

A

mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome
Codons on the mRNA specify the positioning of amino acids along the polypeptide chain. Each tRNA molecule has a specific anticodon sequence that is complementary to a codon on the mRNA . Base pairing allows tRNA to bring the corresponding amino acid to the correct position to form the polypeptide. The rRna catalysed the formation of peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids

44
Q

Describe the structure of the DNA double helix

A
  • each strand has a sugar phosphate backbone
  • four nitrogenous bases
  • strands are parallel but are in opposite directions
  • covalent bond between phosphate and sugar
  • complementary base pairing
  • A to T C to G
45
Q

One problem if there were two parallel strands and no anti-parallel

A

no hydrogen bonding (two strands not held together)

IB BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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