Cell Structure

Question 1

Three main ideas of cell theory

Answer 1

• All living organisms are made up of one or more cells
•Cells are the basic functional unit in living organisms
• New cells are produced from pre-existing cells

Question 2

All cells:

Answer 2

surrounded by a membrane
contains genetic material
have chemical reactions occur within the cell that are catalysed by enzymes

Question 3

Define magnification

Answer 3

How many times bigger the image of a specimen observed is compared to its actual size

Question 4

Convert mm to micrometers

Answer 4

x1000

Question 5

convert micro meters to nm

Answer 5

x 1000

Question 6

convert nano meters to micro metres

Answer 6

divided by 1000

Question 7

How to use a scale bar

Answer 7

1) use a ruler and measure length of scale bar convert to mm
2) convert measurements to same units as used on scale bar
3) put in formula

measured length of scale bar / scale bar labelled

Question 8

Define Resolution

Answer 8

The ability to distinguish between objects that are close together

Question 9

Factors of light microscope

Answer 9

• Uses light to form an image
• maximum resultion 0.2 micro metres
• cannot be used to observe smaller organelles
• maximum magnification x1500

Question 10

Factors of electron microscope

Answer 10

• Uses electrons to form an image
• maximum resolution 0.0002 micrometers
• can be used to observe smaller organelles
• maximum magnification x1500000
• specimens needs to be dead

Question 11

Explain immunofluorescence

Answer 11

involves the use of antibodies that have been prepared with fluorescent dyes which bind with target molecules , allowing specific molecules to be detected

Question 12

Explain freeze - fracture

Answer 12

a sample rapidly frozen using liquid nitrogen and then physically broken apart in a vacuum

Question 13

Explain Cryogenic electron microscopy

Answer 13

• Involves flash freezing solutions
• Frozen solutions exposed to electrons to produce images of molecules

Question 14

What ribosomes do prokaryotic cells have

Answer 14

70E

Question 15

Ribosomes Function

Answer 15

Binding and Reading of mRNA during translation to produce proteins

Question 16

Plasma membrane functions

Answer 16

Controls what enters and exits the cell

Question 17

Function of cell wall

Answer 17

protection and maintains shape

Question 18

What are the key structures animal and plant cells share ?

Answer 18

membrane -bound organelles
larger ribosomes (80S)

Question 19

What are the key differences between animal cells and plant

Answer 19

animal cells contain centrioles and micro villi
plant cells have a cell wall

Question 20

Facts about Rough ER

Answer 20

• Found in plant and animal
• Surface covered in ribosomes (80S)
• Processes proteins made by ribosomes)

Question 21

Facts about Golgi Apparatus

Answer 21

• Found in plant and animal cells
• Modifies proteins and lipids before packaging them into golgi vesicles

Question 22

Facts about vesicles

Answer 22

Found in Plant and animal cells
A membrane bound sac for transport

Question 23

Fact about Lysosomes

Answer 23

breaks down waste materials

Question 24

Facts about Cebtrioles

Answer 24

hollow fibres made of microtubules
found in all eukaryotic

Question 25

What are the 7 functions unicellular organism carry out to stay alive

Answer 25

Metabolism Reproduction Sensitivity Growth Response Excretion Nutrition

Question 26

3 exceptions to the cell theory

Answer 26

Skeletal muscle Giant algae Aseptate fungi

Question 27

Differences between catabolism and anabolism

Answer 27

Catabolism breaks down big complex molecules into smaller molecules Anabolism builds molecules required for the body’s functionality

Question 28

What’s a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 28

uses water to breakdown polymers into monomers

Question 29

Examples of monosaccharides

Answer 29

glucose fructose galactose

Question 30

Examples of disaccharides

Answer 30

sucrose lactose maltose

Question 31

Examples of polysaccharides

Answer 31

cellulose starch

Question 32

What makes up sucrose

Answer 32

glucose and fructose

Question 33

What makes up maltose

Answer 33

glucose and glucose

Question 34

Physical properties of monosaccharides

Answer 34

They can easily dissolve in water They cannot be broken down into simple sugars They are sweet in taste

Question 35

Physical properties of disaccharides

Answer 35

They are polar compounds They cannot diffuse through cellular membranes They are soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding

Question 36

Function of Starch

Answer 36

A way to store energy for plants

Question 37

Function of glycogen

Answer 37

A reserve source of energy for the body providing quick energy when needed

Question 38

Function of cellulose

Answer 38

structural support for plant cells

Question 39

Structure of a triglyceride

Question 40

Structure of starch

Question 41

structure of cellulose

Question 42

structure of glycogen

Question 43

Functions of lipds

Answer 43

regulate hormones transmit nerve impulses transport nutrients

Question 44

Define enzymes

Answer 44

a biological catalyst made up of large protein molecules and speed up chemical reactions in the cell

Question 45

How doe enzymes work?

Answer 45

reduce the activation energy thereby increasing the rate of reaction

Question 46

3 factors that affect enzymes

Answer 46

temperature , pH , concentration