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IB BIOLOGY > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Three main ideas of cell theory

A

• All living organisms are made up of one or more cells
•Cells are the basic functional unit in living organisms
• New cells are produced from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

All cells:

A

surrounded by a membrane
contains genetic material
have chemical reactions occur within the cell that are catalysed by enzymes

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3
Q

Define magnification

A

How many times bigger the image of a specimen observed is compared to its actual size

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4
Q

Convert mm to micrometers

A

x1000

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5
Q

convert micro meters to nm

A

x 1000

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6
Q

convert nano meters to micro metres

A

divided by 1000

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7
Q

How to use a scale bar

A

1) use a ruler and measure length of scale bar convert to mm
2) convert measurements to same units as used on scale bar
3) put in formula

measured length of scale bar / scale bar labelled

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8
Q

Define Resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between objects that are close together

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9
Q

Factors of light microscope

A

• Uses light to form an image
• maximum resultion 0.2 micro metres
• cannot be used to observe smaller organelles
• maximum magnification x1500

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10
Q

Factors of electron microscope

A

• Uses electrons to form an image
• maximum resolution 0.0002 micrometers
• can be used to observe smaller organelles
• maximum magnification x1500000
• specimens needs to be dead

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11
Q

Explain immunofluorescence

A

involves the use of antibodies that have been prepared with fluorescent dyes which bind with target molecules , allowing specific molecules to be detected

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12
Q

Explain freeze - fracture

A

a sample rapidly frozen using liquid nitrogen and then physically broken apart in a vacuum

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13
Q

Explain Cryogenic electron microscopy

A

• Involves flash freezing solutions
• Frozen solutions exposed to electrons to produce images of molecules

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14
Q

What ribosomes do prokaryotic cells have

A

70E

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15
Q

Ribosomes Function

A

Binding and Reading of mRNA during translation to produce proteins

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16
Q

Plasma membrane functions

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell

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17
Q

Function of cell wall

A

protection and maintains shape

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18
Q

What are the key structures animal and plant cells share ?

A

membrane -bound organelles
larger ribosomes (80S)

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19
Q

What are the key differences between animal cells and plant

A

animal cells contain centrioles and micro villi
plant cells have a cell wall

20
Q

Facts about Rough ER

A

• Found in plant and animal
• Surface covered in ribosomes (80S)
• Processes proteins made by ribosomes)

21
Q

Facts about Golgi Apparatus

A

• Found in plant and animal cells
• Modifies proteins and lipids before packaging them into golgi vesicles

22
Q

Facts about vesicles

A

Found in Plant and animal cells
A membrane bound sac for transport

23
Q

Fact about Lysosomes

A

breaks down waste materials

24
Q

Facts about Cebtrioles

A

hollow fibres made of microtubules
found in all eukaryotic

25
Q

What are the 7 functions unicellular organism carry out to stay alive

A

Metabolism
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Growth
Response
Excretion
Nutrition

26
Q

3 exceptions to the cell theory

A

Skeletal muscle
Giant algae
Aseptate fungi

27
Q

Differences between catabolism and anabolism

A

Catabolism breaks down big complex molecules into smaller molecules

Anabolism builds molecules required for the body’s functionality

28
Q

What’s a hydrolysis reaction

A

uses water to breakdown polymers into monomers

29
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

30
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose
lactose
maltose

31
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

cellulose
starch

32
Q

What makes up sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

33
Q

What makes up maltose

A

glucose and glucose

34
Q

Physical properties of monosaccharides

A

They can easily dissolve in water
They cannot be broken down into simple sugars
They are sweet in taste

35
Q

Physical properties of disaccharides

A

They are polar compounds
They cannot diffuse through cellular membranes
They are soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding

36
Q

Function of Starch

A

A way to store energy for plants

37
Q

Function of glycogen

A

A reserve source of energy for the body providing quick energy when needed

38
Q

Function of cellulose

A

structural support for plant cells

39
Q

Structure of a triglyceride

A
40
Q

Structure of starch

A
41
Q

structure of cellulose

A
42
Q

structure of glycogen

A
43
Q

Functions of lipds

A

regulate hormones
transmit nerve impulses
transport nutrients

44
Q

Define enzymes

A

a biological catalyst made up of large protein molecules
and speed up chemical reactions in the cell

45
Q

How doe enzymes work?

A

reduce the activation energy thereby increasing the rate of reaction

46
Q

3 factors that affect enzymes

A

temperature , pH , concentration

IB BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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