Carbohydrates and Lipids ✅ Flashcards
How do monomers link
via condensation reactions to form polymers
What is a polymer
larger molecule made up of small subunits
What are the 4 carbon compounds macromolecules
Carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
Protein (Polypeptides)
Lipids
Nucleic Acid
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate (polysaccharide) ?
Monosaccharide
What’s the monomer of a Protein (polypeptide)
Amino acids
What’s the monomer of a lipid
glycerol /fatty acids
What’s the monomer of a nucleic acid
nucleotide
What are the four macro molecules
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Nucleic Acid
Protein
How can you break polymers (macromolecules) into monomers
hydrolysis
What are monosaccharides
simple sugars
What is pentose
monosaccharide with 5 carbons
What is hexose
monosaccharide with 6 carbons
What are the properties of monosaccharides ? (3)
• small and soluble in water (easily transport)
• oxidation of glucose provides large amounts of energy
• stable due to covalent bonds (for energy storage)
What is a disaccharide
two monosaccharide connected
What is a polysaccharide
a carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together
What is a polysaccharide used for
energy storage and structural needs within a cell
What are the three carbohydrate molecules
starch
glycogen
cellulose
What is the difference between starch , glycogen and cellulose
starch and cellulose are made in plants
glycogen made in animals
What is the branching between starch cellulose and glycogen
glycogen - heavily branched
starch - moderate branching
cellulose - unbranched
draw alpha glucose and beta glucose
difference between alpha glucose and beta
alpha - carbon 1 the OH group is orientated down
beta - carbon 1 the OH group is oriented up
Starch only contains
alpha glucose
What bonds does starch contain
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
What bonds does glycogen contain
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bond
What glucose does glycogen contain
alpha
What glucose is cellulose made up of
beta
What can glycogen and amylopectin do
large molecules able to store large amounts of energy
what do larger structures result in
less soluble
What is the benefit of cellulose having beta glucose
has extreme tensile strength that supplants plastic cell walls
3 main polysaccharide
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Where are glycoproteins found
Cell membrane embedded within phospholipid
What’s an oligosaccharide
A saccharide polymer containing a small number of monosaccharides
What are oligosaccharide used for
cell recognition and immunity
what properties do lipids have
hydrophobic properties
What does being hydrophobic allow lipids to do
Easily dissolve in non-polar solutions
cannot easily dissolve in polar solutions
How are triglycerides and phospholipids formed
by condensation reactions with glycerol
Fatty acids can be
saturated or unsaturated
saturated has
single bonds
What’s a cis fatty acid
hydrogen on same side
creates a bend in the chain
what’s a trans fatty acid
both hydrogens on opposite sides
does not bend the chain
What does trans fatty acids result in
higher melting point because more can be packed together without a bend in the chain
solid at room temperature
What does cis fatty acids result in
lower melting point
liquid at room temperature
Function of triglycerides
long term energy storage and insulation in adipose tissue
More functions of triglycerides
stable
hydrophobic
store a high amount of energy per gram
help retain body heat
Phospholipids are
amphipathic which naturally form lipid bilayer
glucose is a
monosaccharide
how is cellulose made
from molecules of beta glucose
how is starch and glycogen made
molecules of alpha glucose
what are 4 properties of glucose
• stable structure due to covalent bonds
• soluble in water due to polar
• easily transportable
• source of chemical energy
3 examples of polysaccharides
starch
glycogen
cellulose
what is starch the storage polysaccharide for
plants
what are the two polysaccharide that form starch in plants
amylose (unbranched)
amylopectin (branched)
what is the storage polysaccharide of animals and fungi
glycogen (more branched than amylopectin)
Explain the structure of cellulose
• cellulose is a structural carb found in cell walls of plants
• molecules of cellulose are straight and unbranched
• cellulose is a polymer of beta glucose monomers
What makes a glycoprotein
carbohydrates and polypeptides combine via covalent bonds
When do glycoproteins act as receptor molecules
• cell recognition
• receptors for cell signaling
• cell adhesion
When do glycoproteins act as receptor molecules
cell recognition
receptors for cell signalling
cell adhesion
What are some examples of lipids in living organisms
fats
oils
waxes
steroids
Lipid macromolecules contains
carbon hydrogen and. oxygen
How many glycerol and fatty acids do phospholipids contain
two fatty acids bonded to 1 glycerol molecule
In animals where are lipids stored
adipose tissue
What is the carbon atom bonded to in a saturated fatty acid
two hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated fatty acid contain at least one
C-C double bond
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are when
there are many carbon-carbon double bonds
