nucleic acids

Question 1

nucleotide

Answer 1

nucleic acid monomer
1. phosphate group
2. nitrogenous base (A, U, G, C, or T)
3. pentose sugar

Question 2

nucleoside

Answer 2

only pentose sugar and nitrogenous base

Question 3

difference between RNA and DNA pentose

Answer 3

rna has 2’ OH whereas DNA is missing 2’OH

Question 4

purine

Answer 4

A and G
- 2 rings

Question 5

pyrimadines

Answer 5

T, U, C
1 ring

Question 6

uracil structure compared to thymine

Answer 6

demethylated version of thymine

Question 7

how do adenine and guanine differ

Answer 7

adenine (amine) guanine (carbonyl group)

Question 8

what differentiates cytosine from other pyrimidines

Answer 8

only pyrimadine with a primary amine

Question 9

phosphate group

Answer 9

PO4 3-

• interact with 3’ and 5’ OH to form phosphodiester bonds

Question 10

3’ OH

Answer 10

points down

Question 11

5’ OH

Answer 11

points up

Question 12

nucleoside diphsophates

Answer 12

have two phosphate groups attatched

Question 13

nucleoside triphosphate

Answer 13

has 3 p groups

Question 14

adenosine triphosphate

Answer 14

ATP
- adenine, bound by 3 phosphate groups
similar to gtp

Question 15

3’5’ - cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Answer 15

CAMP

Question 16

phosphideister bonds

Answer 16

bond between p group and 3’ or 5’ end of sugar
C-O-P-O configuration

Question 17

nucleotide cofactors

Answer 17

FAD, NAD, FMN, NADP, coA

Question 18

viral genome

Answer 18

can be double or single stranded dna or rna

Question 19

base pairing

Answer 19

c—g
a–t
a–u

Question 20

how many hydrogen bonds are in the G-C bond

Answer 20

3

Question 21

how many hydrogen bonds are in the AT bond

Answer 21

2

Question 22

chargoff’s rule

Answer 22

purines and pyrimidines exsist in a 1:1 ratio (DNA only)
amount of g = amount of c
amount of a = amount of T

Question 23

purpose of hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases

Answer 23

stabilizes the double stranded structure

Question 24

base stacking

Answer 24

hydrophobic interaction between nitrogenous bases on the same strand

Question 25

double helix

Answer 25

structure of DNA with antiparallel DNA strands
BDNA

Question 25

double helix

Answer 25

structure of DNA with antiparallel DNA strands
BDNA

Question 26

Bdna

Answer 26

typical dna of human genome
right handed
10.5 bases/turn

Question 27

ADNA

Answer 27

dehydrated form of BDNA that is formed by DNA RNA hybrid helicies
right handed
tighter than bdna with 11 bases per turn

Question 28

ZDNA

Answer 28

DNA that has been methylated
LEFT HANDED
Looser
12 bases per turn

Question 29

supercoiling

Answer 29

torsinal strain
dna is usually negatively supercoiled

Question 30

hybridization

Answer 30

process where complimentary base pairs hydrogen bond
can be with entire DNA strand or an oligonucleotide
inconsistencies result in decreased favorability of hybridization

Question 31

thermal denaturation

Answer 31

temperature raised high enough to break hydrogen bonds between the strands of dna

Question 32

Tm

Answer 32

melting temperature of DNA denaturation
when half of DNA exists in unbound form
- depends on content of c-g and a-t bonds

Question 33

PCR

Answer 33

annealing of complimentary dna
dna is repeatedly heated to a temp above melting point and allowed to cool in a process known as thermal cycling
during cooling: DNA becomes template for DNA polymerase enzyme to amplify DNA within target region defined by primers
- amplify a sequence

Question 34

what techniques are utilized in PCR

Answer 34

denaturation (at high temps) and reannealing (lowering temp)