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MCAT biochem > nonenzymatic proteins > Flashcards

nonenzymatic proteins Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

proteome

A

range of proteins expressed in an organism

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2
Q

cytoskeleton

A

cell division, structure, and organelle transport support
- made of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

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3
Q

what polymers constitute a significant part of the cytoskeleton

A

actin and tubulin

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4
Q

arrange the protein filaments of the cytoskeleton from smallest to largest

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

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5
Q

function of actin microfilaments

A

motility and structure
- interact with myosin during muscle contraction
- contribute to cytokinesis during cell division

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6
Q

G-actin

A

individual monomers of actin

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7
Q

F-actin

A

polymer of g actin that forms microfilaments

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8
Q

how many strands of f actin make microfilament

A

2

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9
Q

T/F actin polymerization is energetically costly

A

True, ATP is added to the + chain of the growing polymer
the - end shrinks

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10
Q

tredmilling

A

actin simultaneously grows at the + end while shrinking at the - end , rapid growth and assembly for dynamic cytoskeleton

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11
Q

structure of intermediate filaments

A

long alpha helical structures that resemble cork screws
- rigid and resist force
- can be stretched far beyond length

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12
Q

function of intermediate filaments

A

cell adhesion and structrual support

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13
Q

what is keratin

A

intermediate filament that makes up hair and nails

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14
Q

microtubule structure

A

hollow cylinders composed of dimers of alpha tubulin and beta tubulin

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15
Q

function of microtubules

A
  • movement in chromosomes during M phase
  • formation of cillia and flagella
  • intracellular transport
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16
Q

what are cilia and flagella composed of

A

microtubules

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17
Q

where is microtubule formation initiated

A

in the Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs) of centrosome and basal bodies of cilia and flagella

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18
Q

what are the building blocks of microtubules

A

alpha and beta tubulin dimers which polymerize using GTP

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19
Q

critical concentration

A

specific amount of dimers of a and b tubulin necessary to initiate tubule polymerization

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20
Q

motor proteins

A

kinesins, dyneins, and myosins

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21
Q

kinesins

A

use energy from ATP to move along microtubules and transport cargo
- anterograde transport (move membrane components that are bound for the membrane to periphery of cell)

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22
Q

structure of kinesin

A

heterotetramer of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains attached to a microtubule that walks cargo

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23
Q

dyneins

A

motor proteins that carry cargo along microtubules through retrograde transport

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24
Q

axonemal dyneins

A

found only in cells with flagella and cilia
- generate sliding motion

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25
Q

cytoplasmic dyneins

A

transport cargo needed to carry out cellular functions within cytoplasm

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26
Q

myosins

A

ATPases that are important to muscle contraction
- contain head, neck, and tail regions

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27
Q

myosin head

A

binds to actin and hydrolyzes atp to generate force for contraction

28
Q

power stroke

A

force created by myosin that allows the energy to be released via atp hydrolysis and actin and myosin bind tightly

29
Q

atp triggers what in muscle contraction

A

myosin release from actin

30
Q

cell adhesion

A

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) associated with cytoskeleton and play a role in the ECM

31
Q

classes of CAMs

A

selectins, cadherins, integrins

32
Q

selectins

A

family of CAMs that mediate inflammatory response
in immune cells platelets and endothelial lining of blood vessels

33
Q

cadherins

A

calcium dependend CAMs that are involved in early growth and development which bind to microfilaments of cytoplasm
- transmembrane proteins
- bulk of cadherin is outside fo the cell

34
Q

adherins

A

clumps of cadherins that bind cells of a tissue together

35
Q

integrins

A

transmembrane proteins that act as adhesion and signaling molecules

36
Q

types of cell junctions

A

anchoring, gap , and tight

37
Q

anchoring junction

A

adheren junctions
- connect cytoskeleton of one cell with other cells and contribute to stability of tissue
- can be with cadherins or ECM

38
Q

desmosomes

A

involve cadherins connected to intermiediate filaments to other cells

39
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

integrins connect to the intermediate filaments of the ECM

40
Q

gap juncitons

A

connexin proteins
- enable communication

41
Q

common locatoin of gap junctions

A

cardiomyocytes

42
Q

tight junctions

A

found in epithelial cells
prevent communicaiton between cells
BBB

43
Q

leaky epithelia

A

relatively few tight junctions in an epitheial tissue
- kidney

44
Q

antibodies

A

glycoproteins producted by b cells of the adaptive immune system
- bind to antigens

45
Q

antigens

A

particles recognized as foreign by the body that bind to antibodies

46
Q

B cell receptor

A

antibody bound to the membrane of a B cell

47
Q

structure of an antibody

A

basic y shape with two heavy chains (bottom) and two light chains (top)
- heavy chains are constant region
- light chains contain varibl e region

48
Q

contant region

A

heavy chains of antibody that are uniform among different antibodies

49
Q

IgA antibodies

A

mucosal areas to help prevent colonization of pathogens

50
Q

IgD antibodies

A

act as antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens
- activates mast cells and basophils

51
Q

IgE antibodies

A

involved in allergies and antiparasitic response
- IgE binds to allergen causing histimine release

52
Q

IgG

A

most of humoral response , can cross placenta and confer passive immunity to fetus

53
Q

IgM

A

mounts an immune response and eliminates pathogens in early stages of humoral response
- before IgG levels increase

54
Q

intacrine signalling

A

produced by the target cell and stay within the target cell

55
Q

autocrine cells

A

produced and effected by the same cell via its own receptors

56
Q

juxtacrine signals

A

target cells in contact with signal

57
Q

paracrine signals

A

target cells in general vicinity

58
Q

endocrine signals

A

travel through ciruculatory system

59
Q

types of membrane receptors

A

ion channels, enzyme linked, GPCR

60
Q

GPCR

A

when receptor binds to ligand, there is a confirmational change in gtp to activate and turn on adenylate cyclase which makes cAMP to phosphorylate other proteins

61
Q

gtp hydrolysis

A

inactivation of g protein , is done by gtpases

62
Q

what does cAMP turn on

A

protein kinase A

63
Q

strcutures of a nuclear receptor

A

ligand binding domain and the dna binding domain

64
Q

active g protein

A

alpha subunit bound to gtp

65
Q

inactive g protein

A

a, b, gamma bound to gdp

MCAT biochem (11 decks)

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