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MCAT biochem > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

carbohydrate formula

A

Cx(H2O)y
- at least 1 c=o
- at least 1 oh

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2
Q

aldose

A

terminal c=o

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3
Q

ketose

A

internal c=o

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4
Q

glyceraldehyde

A

triose in glycolysis that results from split of 1,6 fbp

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5
Q

ribose

A

5 c sugar
2’ OH

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6
Q

deoxyribose

A

missing 2’ OH

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7
Q

what is derived from gluocse in ppp

A

ribose

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8
Q

what isomer do sugars exsist in

A

d

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9
Q

gluocose

A

hexose, main source of E
- 3’ OH points in opp direction of others

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10
Q

frucose

A

ketoaldose
- metabolized by liver
- corn syrup

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11
Q

galactose

A

dairy products and beets
- epimer of glucose
- c3 and c4 opposite c2 and c5 groups

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12
Q

what form do hexoses and pentoses usually take in nature

A

cyclic (not linear)

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13
Q

hemiacetal formation

A

c=o of aldose reacts with OH
aldehyde + ROH –> c bound to oh and OR

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14
Q

hemiketal formation

A

ketone (r1, r2) + R3oh –> c bound to r1 r2 r3 and oh

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15
Q

pryanose

A

6 member ring

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16
Q

furanose v

A

5 member ring

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17
Q

what are the substituents bound to central carbon in a hemiacetal

A

OH OR R and H

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18
Q

substituents of hemiketal

A

OH OR1 R2 and R1

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19
Q

anomers

A

epimer of the hemiacetal/ hemiketal carbon in a cyclic sugar

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20
Q

alpha anomer

A

-OH points down

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21
Q

beta anomer

A

-OH points up

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22
Q

an aqeous solution of glucose at equilibrium has what composition of alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

2/3 beta glucose

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23
Q

mutarotation

A

amount of interconversion between alpha and beta anomers

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24
Q

anomeric carbon

A

c1, that gains a 4th constituent after cyclicization

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25
Q

disaccharides

A

two carbohydrates bound together

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26
Q

bond of sugars

A

glycosidic bond

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27
Q

where does the glycosidic bond occur

A

between anomeric carbon of one sugar and OH group of another

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28
Q

what kind of reaction is a glycosidic bond

A

dehydration synthesis

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29
Q

sucrose

A

disaccharide of fructose and glucose

30
Q

lactose

A

disach of glucose and galactose

31
Q

maltose

A

disach of 2 glucose

32
Q

bond of sucrose

A

Glu (alpha 1 - beta 2) fru

33
Q

bond of lactose

A

Gal (beta 1 - 4) glu

34
Q

bond of lactose

A

glu (alpha 1-4 ) glu

35
Q

starch

A

polysach of glucose
- made of amylose and amylopectin

36
Q

amylose

A

subunit of starch
LINEAR
a(1-4) bond

37
Q

amylopectin

A

major subinit of starch
branched
a (1-4) with alpha (1-6) branches

38
Q

which is easier to break down? amylose or amylopectin

A

amylopectin (branching)

39
Q

glycogen

A

human glucose storage
- glu (a1,4) branch a 1-6

40
Q

difference between glycogen and amylopectin

A

glycogen is more branched at every 8-12 residues while amylopectin is around 30 residues

41
Q

cellulose

A

plant structure polysac
B 1-4 linkages

42
Q

T/F humans can digest cellulose

A

false, source of fiber

43
Q

primary stores of glycogen

A

liver and muscle cells

44
Q

major component of bacterial cell wall

A

peptidoglycan

45
Q

chitin

A

polysach of N-acetylglucosamine via B1-4 bonds . component of cytosekeleton

46
Q

optical rotation of light refers to

A

d and l orientations

47
Q

absolute configurations refer to

A

R and S

48
Q

enantiomers

A

rotate plane polarized light in opposite directions

49
Q

D carbohydrates

A

have the higher priority group to the right of the carbon

50
Q

how to decipher D/L orientation of hexose

A

the lowest / bottom -OH orientation, if it is to the right its D if it is to the left its L

51
Q

D/L isomers of a carbohydrate relate how

A

they are enantiomers

52
Q

epimer

A

sugars that only differ at one stereocenter

53
Q

how many possible stereoisomers are there on a hexose

A

2^4 –> 16 stereoisomers at 4 chiral centers

54
Q

formula for possible stereoisomers on a carbohydrate

A

2^( number of stereocenters)

55
Q

how many enantiomers does an aldohexose have

A

1 D and 1L

56
Q

how many epimers does an aldohexose have

A

4 (# of stereocenters)

57
Q

how many diasteriomers does an aldohexose have

A

14 (epimers are diasteriomers) 16-2

58
Q

confrimationa

A

interchangable without breaking bonds

59
Q

pyranose confrimations

A

chair, boat

60
Q

furanose confirmations

A

envelope form

61
Q

oxidation agens

A

Ag 2+, Cu2+, Fe 2+

62
Q

tollen’s test

A

oxidation of aldose is coupled with reduction of Ag+ to Ag which causes ppt of silver

63
Q

benidicts reagent

A

oxidation of aldose with Cu 2+ reduction into cuso4 and make red ppt

64
Q

reducing sugars

A

reduce the reagents that are used to moniter a reaction

65
Q

example of reducing sugar

A

any hemiacetal formed at the anomeric carbon and the linear form can undergo oxidation

66
Q

when is a disaccharide a reducing sugar

A

if anomeric carbon is involved in a glycosidic bond it cannot participate in reduction, but when anomeric carbon is free, it can do so

67
Q

examples of disaccharides that are reducing sugars

A

maltose and lactose because they have free anomeric carbons

68
Q

nonreducing sugar vs reducing sugar

A

reducing sugars have free aldahydes or ketones where nonreducing do not

69
Q

example of nonreducing sugar

A

starch

70
Q

glycogen reducing or non reducing?

A

many nonreducing ends (where glucose is added) and 1 reducing end

MCAT biochem (11 decks)

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